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A&P 2 > RAT 19 > Flashcards

RAT 19 Flashcards

1
Q

what is mitosis?

A

the cell division undergone by all somatic, or body, cells that are capable of division

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2
Q

which cells undergo mitosis?

A

somatic cells

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3
Q

what is the product of mitosis?

A

daughter cells

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4
Q

which cells under meiosis?

A

cells destine to become gametes

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5
Q

what are the primary sex organs?

A

testes and ovaries

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6
Q

what do the testes produce?

A

testosterone; sperm

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7
Q

what do the ovaries produce?

A

estrogen; ova

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8
Q

what are accessory reproductive organs?

A

additional organs and structures that contribute to the functioning of the reproductive system

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9
Q

what is a zygote?

A
  • formed when a sperm and ova fuse
  • single-celled offspring that will eventually divide to produce all the cells in a new individual
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10
Q

what is the product of meiosis?

A

daughter cells with half the number of chromosomes

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11
Q

how many chromosomes are in a human cell?

A

46 chromosomes (2 sets of 23 pairs)

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12
Q

define diploid.

A

having two chromosomes sets

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13
Q

what is a homologous pair?

A

share a similar structure (have the same genes)

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14
Q

what is a sister chromatid?

A

cell with 2 identical copies of its chromosomes

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15
Q

what is an allele?

A

different variants found on the matching genes of homologous chromosomes

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16
Q

what is chromatin?

A

one very long piece of DNA with its associated proteins

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17
Q

what are the male gonads?

A

testes

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18
Q

where are the testes located?

A

scrotum

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19
Q

how many seminiferous tubules are in each lobule?

A

1-4

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20
Q

what are the functions of the testes?

A
  • produce sperm cells
  • secrete androgen hormones (testosterone)
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21
Q

what are the two cells found in the seminiferous tubules?

A
  • spermatogenic cells
  • sustentacular cells
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22
Q

what is the function of spermatogenic cells?

A

form sperm

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23
Q

what is the function of sustentacular cells?

A

support production of sperm

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24
Q

what cells are found between the seminiferous tubules?

A

interstitial cells

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25
Q

what do interstitial cells produce?

A

produce and secrete androgens (testosterone) into the surround interstitial fluid

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26
Q

what forms when seminiferous tubules merge?

A

straight tubule

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27
Q

where does sperm flow next?

A

rete testis

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28
Q

where does sperm flow after the rete testis?

A

efferent ductules

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29
Q

what artery serves the testicles?

A

testicular artery

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30
Q

what is the name of the veins that drain blood from the testicles?

A

pampiniform venous plexus

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31
Q

what ducts does the sperm pass through after leaving the testis?

A
  • epididymis
  • ductus deferens
  • ejaculatory duct
  • urthera
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32
Q

what is ejaculation?

A

process by which semen is expelled from the penis

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33
Q

what is the function of the epididymis?

A
  • the site of sperm maturation and storage
  • is filled with many ductules
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34
Q

what are the regions of the epididymis?

A

head, body, tail

35
Q

about how long is the ductus epididymis?

A
  • 6 meter (19.7 ft)
  • tightly coiled so it takes up 3.8 cm (1.5 in)
36
Q

how does that support the function of the epididymis?

A

allows ample time for sperm to mature and permits sperm to be stored for several months if ejaculation does not occur

37
Q

trace the path of the ductus deferens

A
  • inguinal canal (enters)
  • over the ureter, posterior bladder
  • ampulla (exits)
38
Q

where does sperm travel next?

A
  • ejaculatory duct
39
Q

what structures mark the beginning of the ejaculatory duct?

A

seminal vesicle

40
Q

what structure marks the end of the ejaculatory duct?

A

urethra

41
Q

through which gland does the ejaculatory duct travel?

A

prostate gland

42
Q

where does the sperm travel to next?

A

urethra

43
Q

what are the three regions of the urethra?

A
  • prostatic
  • membranous
  • spongy
44
Q

what is the internal portion of the penis called?

A

root

45
Q

what is the external portion of the penis called?

A

body (shaft)

46
Q

what is the glans penis?

A

the end of the penis where the external urethral orifice is located

47
Q

what is the anatomical term for the foreskin?

A

prepuce

48
Q

what is the name of the procedure where the prepuce is removed?

A

circumcision

49
Q

what are the three bodies of the erectile tissue in the penis called? what are they composed of?

A
  • corpora cavernosa x2
  • corpus spongiosum
  • smooth muscle and connective tissue
50
Q

what forms the bulb of the penis?

A

the ventral corpus spongiosum

51
Q

what forms the crus?

A

corpora cavernosa

52
Q

what causes the penis to enlarge during sexual excitement?

A

the vascular spaces fill with blood

53
Q

what are the boarders of the perineum?

A
  • pubic symphysis
  • ischial tuberosities
  • coccyx
54
Q

what is semen?

A

a mixture of sperm and fluids from the testes, seminal vesicles, prostate, and bulbourethral and ureteral glands

55
Q

the duct from the seminal vesicle merges with the _______________ to form the ______________. the seminal vesicle produces ______________ fluid

A
  • ductus deferens
  • ejaculatory duct
  • seminal
56
Q

what color is the seminal fluid?

A

yellowish

57
Q

name three components of seminal fluid

A
  • fructose
  • prostaglandins
  • coagulating proteins and enzymes
58
Q

describe the pH of seminal fluid

A
  • alkaline (basic)
  • help neutralize acidic fluid
59
Q

how large is the prostate gland?

A

egg-sized

60
Q

what typically happens to the prostate gland with age?

A

enlarges with age

61
Q

why would an enlarged prostate gland cause a problem with urination?

A
  • can expand to the point of pushing on the urethra
  • condition called benign prostatic hyperplasia
62
Q

what color is prostatic fluid?

A

milky appearance

63
Q

what do the enzymes found in prostatic fluid do?

A

dissolve the clot of semen that initially forms in the female reproductive tract so the sperm can move deeper in the tract

64
Q

describe the pH of prostatic fluid

A

alkaline

65
Q

how large are the bulbourethral glands?

A

small marble ( about 1 cm in diameter)

66
Q

when does the bulbourethral gland release its secretions?

A

in response to sexual stimulation

67
Q

what is the function of the bulbourethral glands secretions?

A

helps neutralize any acidic urine prior to ejaculation and lubricates the urethra for the passage of ejaculate

68
Q

what composes the majority of semen?

A

seminal fluid

69
Q

how much does sperm contribute?

A

~ 5%

70
Q

what is capacitation?

A

sperm undergoing changes that enable them to penetrate and fertilize an immature female gamete

71
Q

what divides the scrotum into two compartments?

A

septum

72
Q

what is the raphe?

A

ridge-like seem at the midline

73
Q

what is the smooth muscle layer in the scrotum called?

A

dartos muscle

74
Q

what structures are found in the spermatic cord?

A

layers of fascia, contains the ductus deferens

75
Q

what is the name of the smooth muscle found here?

A

cremaster muscle

76
Q

what is the inguinal canal and the inguinal ring?

A

passageway into the abdomen

77
Q

what is the main component of all body fluids?

A

water

78
Q

what is an electrolyte? list some examples of common electrolytes discussed.

A
  • a substance that dissociates into ions when placed in water
  • sodium, potassium, calcium ions
79
Q

what is an ion?

A

a charged particle that has lost or gained one or more electrons

80
Q

what is electrolyte balance?

A

amount of electrolytes gained through the diet is equal to that lost from the body

81
Q

why is fluid balance so important in determining electrolyte balance?

A

concentration depends on the number of ions but also on the amount of water in the body

82
Q

what is an acid?

A

a chemical that dissociates in water to release a hygrogen ion

83
Q

what is a base?

A

a chemical that accepts a hypdrogen ion in a solution

84
Q

what is the most common base in the body?

A

bicarbonate

A&P 2 (21 decks)

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