Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

A&P 2 > RAT 15 > Flashcards

RAT 15 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the three barriers that separate the blood in the glomerulus from the capsular space?

A
  1. fenestrated glomerular capillary endothelial cells
  2. basal lamina
  3. podocytes (visceral layer of the glomerular capsule)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what are the three types of capillaries?

A
  • fenestrated
  • continuous
  • sinusoid
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what type of capillary is the glomerulus?

A

fenestrated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what can pass through a fenestrated capillary?

A
  • blood
  • fluid
  • waste
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what cannot pass through a fenestrated capillary?

A

plasma proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is the glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?

A

the rate at which filtrate is produced in the glomeruli of the kidneys

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

how much filtrate is produced in one day?

A

180 liters of filtrate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is hydrostatic pressure?

A

the force of a fluid on the wall of its container

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is colloid pressure?

A

the pressure created by proteins (primarily albumin) in the plasma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is net filtration pressure?

A

determines the direction of water between the capillaries and the interstitial fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is name and abbreviation for the blood hydrostatic pressure (blood pressure) in the glomerulus? which direction is this force?

A
  • glomerular hydrostatic pressure
  • GHP
  • through the filtration membrane
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

why is GHP higher than a typical systemic capillary?

A

because blood leaving such a capillary bed enter a low-resistance venule, where as blood leaving the glomerulus enters a high-resistance efferent arteriole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is the term and abbreviation for the colloid osmotic pressure in the glomerulus? which direction is this force?

A
  • glomerular colloid osmotic pressure
  • GCOP
  • opposes filtration, drawing water into the capillaries by osmosis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is the term and abbreviation for the hydrostatic pressure in the capsular space? which direction is this force?

A
  • capsular hydrostatic pressure
  • CHP
  • opposes filtration, pushes water into the glomerular capillaries
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is the name for the force that combines the three forces (GHP, GCOP, CHP)?

A

net filtration pressure (NFP)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

which filter more fluid; systemic capillaries or glomeruli?

A

glomeruli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

a high pressure gradient in the glomerulus will lead to _______ filtration

A

more

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

a low pressure gradient in the glomerulus will lead to __________ filtration

A

less

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what is a way to easily adjust the pressure gradient in the glomerulus?

A

change diameter of afferent and efferent arterioles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

in the analogy what is the afferent arteriole? the glomerulus? the efferent arteriole?

A
  • faucet
  • basin
  • drainpipe
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

how does vasoconstriction of the afferent arteriole impact filtration?

A

allows less blood flood into the glomerulus, decreases GHP and GFR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

how does vasoconstriction of the efferent arteriole impact filtration?

A

causes blood to back up within the glomerulus, increases GHP and GFR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

how does vasodilation of the afferent arteriole impact filtration?

A

“turns up the faucet”
- increases GHP and GFR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

how does vasodilation of the efferent arteriole impact filtration?

A

allows increased flow out of the glomerulus, decreases GHP and GFR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

does the GFR rate change every time the systemic blood pressure changes? why or why not?

A

no because of autoregulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

where is ANP produced?

A

atria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what is the stimulus for the release of ANP?

A

volume of blood in the atria increases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what impact does ANP have on the GFR? how does that impact blood pressure?

A
  • increases GFR
  • lower BP
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

by which mechanism does ANP change the GFR?

A

dilating the afferent arterioles and constricting the efferent arterioles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

what is the primary function of the RAAS?

A

maintaining systemic blood pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

renin is an enzyme. what reaction does it catalyze? where is it produced?

A
  • conversion of angiotensinogen to angiotensin-I
  • JG cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

where is angiotensinogen produced?

A

liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

what reaction does angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) catalyze? where is it produced?

A
  • angiotensin-I to angiotensin-II
  • lungs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

what are the effects of angiotensin-II (A-II)?

A
  • promotes vasoconstriction of efferent arterioles
  • promotes vasoconstriction of systemic blood vessels
  • promotes reabsorption of sodium and calcium ions from the proximal tubule, and water follows
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

what is renal failure?

A

condition where the kidneys are unable to perform their vital functions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

what is uremia?

A

severe renal failure where FR is less than 50% of normal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

what three branches of the abdominal artery supply blood to the abdominal digestive organs?

A
  • celiac trunk
  • superior mesenteric artery
  • inferior mesenteric artery
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

what vessel drains blood from the digestive organs and where is the blood delivered?

A
  • hepatic portal vein
  • inferior vena cava
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

why is motility of the digestive system so important?

A

we do not want things to remain stagnant within the gut

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

which branch of the ANS tends to increase motility?

A

parasympathetic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

which branch of the ANS tends to decrease motility?

A

sympathetic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

describe the enteric nervous system (ENS)

A

a self-contained branch of the autonomic NS and regulates secretion and motility of the digestive organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

what is a lumen?

A

the space enclosed by a hallow organ

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

list the four layers found in most regions of the alimentary canal

A
  1. mucosa
  2. submucosa
  3. muscularis externa
  4. serosa or adventitia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

what are the three components of the mucosa?

A
  • muscularis mucosae
  • lamina propria
  • epithelium
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

what type of epithelium is found from the stomach to the end of the large intestine?

A

simple columnar epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

what is a plexus?

A

a cluster of nerves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

where is the submucosal plexus located?

A

submucosa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

where is the myenteric plexus located?

A

muscularis externa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

describe the arrangement of the smooth muscle layers in the muscularis externa

A

inner circular and outer longitudinal layers

51
Q

when is the outermost layer called the serosa?

A

within the peritoneal

52
Q

when is the outermost layer called the adventitia?

A

organs outside the peritoneal cavity

53
Q

what is a bolus?

A

a moistened, partially digested ball of ingested food that is swallowed and transported to the stomach via the pharynx and esophagus

54
Q

what muscle largely forms the cheeks?

A

buccinator muscles

55
Q

what tissue lines the cheeks?

A

stratified squamous nonkeratinized epithelium

56
Q

what is the labial frenulum?

A

narrow band of mucosa; attaches the internal surface of the upper and lower lips to the gums of the midline

57
Q

where is the vestibule located?

A

between the teeth and gums and the internal space of the lips and cheecks

58
Q

where is palate located?

A

roof of the mouth

59
Q

what are the two regions of the palate?

A

hard palate and soft palate

60
Q

what is the uvula? what is its function?

A
  • a portion of the soft palate suspended in the posterior oral cavity
  • seals off the nasopharynx during swallowing to prevent food and liquid from entering the nasal cavity
61
Q

what is the term for a tooth socket?

A

alveoli

62
Q

what holds teeth in place?

A

periodontal ligament

63
Q

what is mastication? is it mechanical or chemical digestion? how does it aid in chemical digestion?

A
  • chewing
  • mechanical
  • giving digestive enzymes more places to catalyze their reactions
64
Q

define crown

A

the visible portion above the gum line

65
Q

define root

A

embedded within the alveolus

66
Q

define enamel

A

outer layer of hard mineralized substance

67
Q

define pulp

A

soft, inner gelatinous substance

68
Q

define cementum

A

mineralized bone like tissue; half calcium and half organic compounds

69
Q

define dentin

A

inner mineralized material of a tooth composed largely of calcium hydroxyapatite crystals

70
Q

define pulp cavity

A

house the inner pulp

71
Q

define root canal

A

how the pulp cavity extends into the root

72
Q

what is the lingual frenulum?

A

prevents the tongue from moving too far posteriorly

73
Q

what are papillae?

A

finger-like protrusions on the surface of the tongue, some contain taste buds

74
Q

what are extrinsic muscles?

A

control the position of the tongue

75
Q

what are intrinsic muscles?

A

control the shape and size of the tongue

76
Q

name and describe the location of the three pairs of salivary glands and their ducts

A
  • portal glands: over the masseter muscle just anterior to the ear
  • submandibular glands: just medial to the inferior portion of the body of the mandible
  • sublingual glands: inferior to the tongue
77
Q

what are the two types of cells that secrete saliva and how do their secretions differ?

A
  • serous cells: secrete water-based fluid with enzymes and other solutes
  • mucous cells: secrete mucous
78
Q

what enzyme is found in saliva? where does it break down?

A
  • salivary amylase
  • large polysaccharides
79
Q

what else if found in saliva and what is their function?

A
  • lysozymes: catalyzes perforation of bacterial plasma membranes
  • secretory IgA: bind specific antigens on pathogens
  • bicarbonate ions: neutralize any acid
80
Q

what is the function of saliva?

A
  • moistening, lubricating, cleansing the oral mucosa
  • mechanical and chemical digesiton
81
Q

what type of saliva is stimulated by the parasympathetic nervous system? what can trigger this reflex?

A
  • serous saliva
  • the smell or taste of food
82
Q

what type of saliva is stimulated by the sympathetic nervous system?

A

mucous saliva

83
Q

what are the three divisions of the pharynx?

A
  • nasopharynx
  • oropharynx
  • laryngopharynx
84
Q

what divisions of the pharynx are apart of the alimentary canal?

A

oropharynx and laryngopharynx

85
Q

what type of tissue lines the oropharynx and laryngopharynx?

A

stratified squamous epithelium

86
Q

what muscles help propel food through the pharynx?

A

upper, middle, and lower pharyngeal constrictor muscles

87
Q

describe the location of the esophagus

A

posterior to the trachea

88
Q

what type of tissue lines the esophagus?

A

stratified squamous nonkeratinized epithelium

89
Q

what glands are found in the esophagus?

A

esophageal glands

90
Q

what is the function of esophageal glands?

A

secrete mucus to lubricate the bolus as it passes through the esophagus

91
Q

what is the name of the sphincter at the beginning of the esophagus?

A

upper esophageal sphincter

92
Q

list two names for the sphincter at the end of the esophagus

A
  • gastroesophageal and lower esophageal sphincter
93
Q

what is the esophageal hiatus?

A

opening in the diaphragm through which the esophagus and vagus nerve pass

94
Q

what is deglutition?

A

a specialized type of propulsion that pushes a bolus of food from the oral cavity through the pharynx and esophagus to the stomach

95
Q

what is a bolus?

A

a moistened, partially digested ball of ingested food that is swallowed and transported to the stomach via the pharynx and esophagus

96
Q

what controls the process of swallowing?

A

coordinated action of the upper alimentary canal (soft palate, pharynx, esophagus), tongue also plays a role

97
Q

describe the three phases of swallowing

A
  • voluntary
  • pharyngeal
  • esophageal
98
Q

describe the two curvatures and the five regions of the stomach

A
  • greater curvature: convex left side
  • lesser curvature: concave right side
  • 5 regions: cardia, fundus, body, pyloric, pylorus
99
Q

what are rugae?

A

fold that allow the stomach to expand

100
Q

what are the four tissue layers of the stomach?

A
  • mucosa
  • submucosa
  • muscularis externa
  • serosa
101
Q

how does the muscularis externa of the stomach differ from the typical arrangement in the digestive tract?

A

there is an additional inner layer of smooth muscle in the stomach’s body with its fibers oriented obliquely

102
Q

what is chyme?

A

a liquid mixture that results from the stomach churning a bolus and mixing it within gastric juice

103
Q

what are gastric pits?

A

deep structures formed by mucosa of the stomach that is heavily indented

104
Q

what type of epithelial tissue lines the stomach?

A

simple columnar epithelium

105
Q

what cells produce mucus that coat the stomach?

A

columnar epithelium cells

106
Q

what causes a gastric ulcer?

A

decrease in the amount of mucus secreted by columnar epithelium cells

107
Q

what are gastric glands?

A

multiple branched glands found at the base of gastric pits

108
Q

name four cells found in gastric glands and their products

A
  1. mucous neck cells: acidic mucus
  2. parietal cells: hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor
  3. chief cells: pepsinogen
  4. diffuse neuroendocrine system cells: gastrin and histamine
109
Q

describe the three primary functions of the stomach. what function is notably absent from this list?

A
  • secretion, propulsion, digestion
  • absorption of digested nutrients
110
Q

what four processes occur in the small intestine?

A
  • secretion
  • digestion
  • absorption
  • propulsion
111
Q

what is the name of the cells that line the lumen of the small intestine and what do they produce?

A
  • enterocytes
  • multiple digestive enzymes, hormones, and mucus
112
Q

describe the three divisions of the small intestine

A
  • duodenum: c-shaped
  • jejunum: middle portion
  • ileum: final segment
113
Q

what are the three features that increase the surface area of the small intestine? which can be seen with the naked eye? which forms a brush boarder?

A
  • circular fold, villi, microvilli
  • circular folds
  • microvilli
114
Q

what are the functions of the large intestine?

A
  • critical for maintaining fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base homeostasis
  • secretion (mucus form primarily)
  • propulsion
  • defecation
  • houses many good bacteria
115
Q

what are the three segments of the large intestine?

A

cecum. colon, rectum

116
Q

what are the regions of the colon?

A
  • ascending
  • descending
  • transverse
  • sigmoid
117
Q

name the flexures of the colon

A
  • hepatic flexures: right colic
  • splenic flexures: left colic
118
Q

name the sphoncters of the anus

A

internal and external anal sphincters

119
Q

what is unique about the muscularis externa of the large intestine?

A

longitudinal layer is not continuous throughout most of its length

120
Q

what is a haustrum?

A

pockets due to constant tension

121
Q

what is a epiploic appendage?

A

fat filled pouches of the serosa of the large intestine

122
Q

what are “normal flora” or “gut flora”

A

consist of ~ 500 different bacterial species that coexist with humans in a symbiotic relationship

123
Q

list four benefits of glut flora

A
  1. produce vitamins
  2. metabolize undigested materials
  3. deter the growth of harmful bacteria
  4. stimulate the immune system

A&P 2 (21 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions