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MRCS > Random Qs > Flashcards

Random Qs Flashcards

1
Q

What is the eponymous triad for insulinoma

A

<3mmol/L

sympotamtic + symptoms relieved by glucose

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1
Q

What are the cells seen in hyposplenism

A

Blood film in hyposplenism:

Howell-Jolly bodies
Pappenheimer bodies
Poikilocytes (Target cells)
Erythrocyte containing siderotic granules
Heinz bodies

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2
Q

What are the sequlae of acute inflammation

A

Resolution
Typically occurs with minimal initial injury
Stimulus removed and normal tissue architecture results

Organisation
Delayed removal of exudate
Tissues undergo organisation and usually fibrosis

Suppuration
Typically formation of an abscess or an empyema
Sequestration of large quantities of dead neutrophils

Progression to chronic inflammation
Coupled inflammatory and reparative activities
Usually occurs when initial infection or suppuration has been inadequately managed

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2
Q

Describe the diaphragmatic hiatuses

A

T8 - central tendon - IVC + right phrenic (left phrenic pierces alone)

T10 - right crUS - oesophagUS - vagUS

T12 - Aorta (behind median arcuate ligaement)

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3
Q

Staph infections

A

Osteomyelitis

Surgical site infection

Toxic shock syndrome

Food poisoning

Felon

Discitiis

Mycotic aneurysm

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4
Q

What are the contents of the deltopectoral groove

A

Cephalic vein
Thoracoacromial artery
Lateral pectoral nerve

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5
Q

What is the pathway of CSF

A

Lateral ventricles

Third via interventricular foramen of munro

Fourth via duct of sylvius

Atachenoid by foramen of magendie and luschka

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6
Q

Sites of ureteric constriction

A

Pelvoureteric junction

Pelvic inlet

Meatus

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7
Q

Describe the boundaries and contents of the quadrangular space and triangular space

A
  • What are the boundaries of triagnular space** Upper:Roof - teres minorBelow - teres majorLaterally - long head of triceps*** Lower:Roof - teres majorLaterally - shaft of humerusMedially - long head of triceps
  • What are the contents of the triangular spaceupper: circmflex scapular arterylower: radial nerve, profunda brachii artery
  • What are the boundaries of the quadrangular spaceroof: teres minorfloor - teres majorlaterally - surgical neck of humerusmedially - long head of triceps
  • What are the contents of quandrangular spaceaxillary nerveposterior circumflex humeral artery
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8
Q

What nerves come off the superior trunk

A

n to subclavisu

suprascapular

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9
Q

What nerves come off the posterior cord

A

Upper suprascapular

THoracodorsal

Lower suprascapular

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10
Q

What comes off the medial cord

A

median pectoral

median cutaneous n of arm

median cutaneous n of forearm

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11
Q

what comes off the lateral cord

A

lateral pectoral

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12
Q

What are conditions causing normal anion gap

A

Diarrhoea

Pancreatic fistula

Renal tubular acidosis

Drugs: Acetazolamide

Addisions

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13
Q

Metabolic acidosis with raised AG

A

Primary problem is raised acid production

High lactate

High ketone

Renal failure

Acid poisoning

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14
Q

What is a normla CVP

A

2-12

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15
Q

What is a normal urine specific gracity

A

50-1200

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16
Q

What is a normal urinary sodium

A

40-220

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17
Q

side effects of propofol

A

Anti-emetic
Moderate myocardial depression

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18
Q

Sodium thiopentone

A

Extremely rapid onset of action making it the agent of choice for rapid sequence of induction
Marked myocardial depression may occur
Metabolites build up quickly

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19
Q

Ketamine

A

Has moderate to strong analgesic properties
Produces little myocardial depression making it a suitable agent for anaesthesia in those who are haemodynamically unstable
May induce state of dissociative anaesthesia resulting in nightmares

20
Q

Etomidate

A

favorable cardiac safety profile with very little haemodynamic instability

no analgesic

Unsuitable for maintaining sedation as prolonged (and even brief) use may result in adrenal suppression
Post operative vomiting is common

21
Q

Suxamethonium

A

Depolarising neuromuscular blocker
Inhibits action of acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction

Produces generalised muscular contraction prior to paralysis
Adverse effects include hyperkalaemia, malignant hyperthermia, delayed recovery

22
Q

Atracurium

A

Generalised histamine release on administration may produce facial flushing, tachycardia and hypotension
Not excreted by liver or kidney, broken down in tissues by hydrolysis
Reversed by neostigmine

23
Q

Vecuronium

A

Degraded by liver and kidney and effects prolonged in organ dysfunction
Effects may be reversed by neostigmine

24
Q

Pancuronium

A

Onset of action approximately 2-3 minutes
Duration of action up to 2 hours
Effects may be partially reversed with drugs such as neostigmine

25
Q

What are the relations of the left adrenal gland

A

Crus of the diaphragm-Postero- medially, Pancreas and splenic vessels-Inferiorly, Lesser sac and stomach-Anteriorly

26
Q

What are the relations of the right adrenal gland

A

Diaphragm-Posteriorly, Kidney-Inferiorly, Vena Cava-Medially, Hepato-renal pouch and bare area of the liver-Anteriorly

27
Q

What controls voluntary micturition

A

External urethral sphincter

Pudendal nerve

28
Q

What is the blood supply to the heart

A

SA node
- 60% RCA
- 40% LCA

AV node
- 80% RCA
- 10% LCA

RA most of RV and part of LV
- RCA

Septum
- posterior third septum - RCA

LCA
- LA
- Most of LV
- Part of RV
- Anterior two thirds

29
Q

Paeds resus fluids

A

10-20mls/kg

30
Q

What does the IMV drain into

A

IMV –> Splenic vein –> portal vein

31
Q

Posterior relation of pancreatic body

A

Left crus of diaphragm

32
Q

Drainage of fluid intraperitoneal

A

Erect - Pouch of douglas (female) - Vesicorectal/uterine

Supine - Hepatorenal

33
Q

What is the rule of thumb for diarrhoea and treatment due to parasites

A

Bloody stool x low income country - entamoeba histolytica - metronidazole

Anal pruritus and eggs seen in tap - enterobius vermicularis - mebendazole

Foul smelling idarrhoea, often after swimming in river - giardia - metro

Immunocompromised - cryptosporidum - nitaazoxanide

Rule of thumb - ova and cyst - metro

cysts only - mebendazole

34
Q

What are the tumour markers for germ cell tumours

A

Seminoma - beta hcg

chroriocarcinoma - beta hcg

yolk sac - AFP

teratoma - ni

35
Q

What vit def causes pellagra

A

B3 (niacin)

36
Q

What vit def causes beri beri

A

B1 (thiamine)

37
Q

What vit def causes ecchymosis

A

vit k

38
Q

Most common brain tumour in children? Most common malignant tumour

A

Astrocystoma

Medulloblastoma

38
Q

What vit def causes dry skin/night blindness

A

vit A

39
Q

What is the range for glucose intolerance in fasting

A

5.6 - 7

> 7 normal

40
Q

What is the range for glucose intolerance post prandial

A

7.8-11 - glucose intolerance

> 11 diabetes

41
Q

What anaesthetic agents can cause liver damage

A

Halothane

42
Q

Lymph drainage of gastric fundus

A

Coeliac

43
Q

Innervation of erection and ejaculation

A

erection - pelvic splanchnic

ejaculation - hypogastric splanchnic

44
Q

Lymphatic drainage of mid oesophagus

A

Hilar/mediastinal

45
Q

Heparin action

A

Enhances anti-thrombin 3

46
Q

What causes glossitis

A

B2 - Riboflavin

47
Q

What causes fertility disorders

A

vit E

MRCS (29 decks)

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