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MRCS > H&N - Brain > Flashcards

H&N - Brain Flashcards

1
Q

Sinuses of the brain

A
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2
Q

Meninges of the brain

A

Dura

Arachnoid

Pia

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3
Q

Falx cerebri

A

Inner meningeal layer of dura mater

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4
Q

Diaphragm sellae

A

Covers hypophysial fossa

Has an opening to allow infundibulum of pituitary to connect to base of brain

It’s reflection of dura mater

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5
Q

Arterial supply to dura mater

A

Anterior meningeal artery

Middle meningeal artery

Posterior meningeal artery

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6
Q

Anterior meningeal artery branch of?

A

Ethmoid arteries

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7
Q

Middle meningeal artery branch of

A

maxillary artery

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8
Q

Posterior meningeal artery branch of

A

Ascending pharyngeal

Occipital

Vertebral

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9
Q

Where is CSF produced

A

Choroid plexus in lateral, 3rd and 4th ventricles

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10
Q

Where is CSF reabsorbed

A

Through arachnoid villi which project as clumps (arachnoid granulations) in superior sagittal sinus

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11
Q

Branches of internal carotid artery

A

Only press carotid arteries momentarily

Only = Opthalmic
Press = Posterior communicating
Carotid = Choroidal
Arteries = Anterior cerebral
Momentarily = Middle cerebral
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12
Q

Circle of Willis anatomy

A
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13
Q

Branches of vertebral artery

A

Anterior spinal

Posterior spinal

Posterior inferior cerebellar

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14
Q

Branches of basilar artery

A

Anterior inferior cerebellar artery

pontine arteries

Superior cerebellar artery

Posterior cerebellar artery

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15
Q

Dural venous sinuses

A
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16
Q

Structures draining into dural sinuses

A

Diploic veins

Emissary veins (allow infection from outside in)

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17
Q

Structures passing through cavernous sinus

A

CN6

internal carotid artery

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18
Q

Structures passing through lateral wall of cavernous sinus

A

CN3, 4, V1, V2

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19
Q

Significance of these structures going through the cavernous sinus

A

Facial tumours and infection drained by facial vein into cavernous sinus → thrombosis

Presents a progressive loss of vision and CN3,4,5,6 palsies

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20
Q

Parasympathetic ganglia

A

Ciliary

Pterygopalatine

Otic

Submandibular

21
Q

Nerve of ciliary ganglion

A

Oculomotor

22
Q

Function of ciliary ganglion

A

Pupillary constriction

Eye accommodation

23
Q

Pterygopalatine ganglion nerve

A

Greater petrosal nerve: facial nerve

24
Q

Function of pterygopalatine ganglion function

A

Innervation of

Lacrimal gland, mucous glands of nasal cavity, maxillary sinus and palate

25
Q

Otic ganglion nerve

A

lesser petrosal nerve of CN9

26
Q

Otic ganglion function

A

Innervation of parotid gland

27
Q

Submandibular ganglion nerve

A

chorda tympani to lingual (CN7)

28
Q

Function of submandibular ganglion

A

innervation of submandibular and sublingual glands

29
Q

Clinical finding in oculomotor palsy

A

Dilated pupil

Eye go down and out

30
Q

Clinical findings in trochlear palsy

A

Eyes cant look down and in

cant look downstairs

31
Q

Gross anatomy of saggital section of brain

A

thalamus surrounds 3rd ventricle

Mamillary bodies inferior surface of hypothalamus

32
Q

Which part of cortex responsible for sensory/motor

A

Precentral gyrus motor

Post central gyrus sensory

33
Q

Position of Brocca vs Wernicke’s areas

A

Brocca- expressive speech, frontal lobe : Brodman area 44,45

Wernickes- receptive speech, temporal lobe: Brodman area 22

34
Q

Hypothalamus anatomy

A

pituitary attached inferiorly by infundibulum (pituitary stalk)

mamillary bodies anterior

floor of 3rd ventricle

35
Q

Which cranial nerve doesnt originate from brainstem

A

CN11

Forms from roots of top 5 cervical spine

Goes up through foramen magnum

Comes down through Internal jugular foramen

36
Q

Course of vertebral artery

A

Originates at subclavian

Climbs up between anterior scalene and longus coli

Enters transverse foramen of C6 → C1

Goes along the posterior arch of C1 to enter skull through foramen magnum

Joins the other side in front of medulla oblongata to become basilar artery

37
Q

Course of CSF from lateral ventricles

A

Lateral V – Foramen of munro → 3rd V

3rd V – Aqueduct of Sylvius → 4th V

– foramen magendie (medial-posterior) → subarachnoid space

– foramen Luschka (lateral-anterior) → subarachnoid space

38
Q

Gyri vs sulci

A

Gyrus: raised parts of cortex

Sulcus: groove between two gyri

39
Q

What forms white and grey matter

A

Grey matter:

  • neural cell bodies
  • More superficial
  • Processing information

White matter:

  • Axons
  • Deeper
40
Q

Superficial cerebral fissures

A

Fissure: deeper sulcus, mainly used interchangeably

Longitudinal (between frontal lobes)

Sylvius (between temporal and fronto-parietal)

Rolando (between frontal and parietal)

41
Q

Where is the Calcarine sulcus

A

Deep fissure separating occipital lobe into lingual (inferior) and cuneus (superior) gyri

Visual cortex lies either side of this sulcus

42
Q

Branches of vagus nerve

A

7:

Meningeal (sensory to dura in posterior cranial fossa)

Auricular

Pharyngeal plexus

Superior laryngeal

Recurrent laryngeal

Carotid sinus

PSN to thorax and abdomen

43
Q

Origin of cranial nerves

A

CN1 and 2: nuclei in forebrain

CN3-4: Midbrain

CN5: Pons

CN6-8: Pons/Medulla junction

CN9-11: Medulla

CN12: cervical spine

44
Q

Cerebellar anatomy

A

Vermis: midline section (associated with locomotion)

Vallecula: the gap at the bottom of the cerebellum where vermis disappears

45
Q

Function of basal ganglia

A

Co-ordinates movement

46
Q

Nuclei of basal ganglia

A

Located at the base of cerebral hemispheres

Caudate nucleus

Putamen

Globus pallidus

Substantia nigra

Subthalamic

47
Q

Extradural vs subdural haemorrhage causes

A

Extra: cerebral artery eg middle meningeal

Subdural: cerebral veins draining into venous sinuses

48
Q

Extradural vs subdural on CT

A

Extra: lens like

Subdural: crescent like

MRCS (28 decks)

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