Definitions

Question 1

Hyperplasia

Answer 1

Increase in the number of cells in tissue or organ in response to a stimulus

Question 2

Ulcer

Answer 2

An ulcer is a local defect of the mucous membrane or the skin due to gradual disintegration of the surface epithelial cells

Question 3

Adenocarcinoma

Answer 3

Cancer forming from the mucus secreting glands

Question 4

Pancreatic pseudocyst

Answer 4

Amylase rich, fluid filled lesion non epithelialised
Four to six weeks after acute attack of pancreatitis

Question 5

Atherosclerosis

Answer 5

Pathological process of the vasculaturw in which artery wall thickens as a result of accumulation of fatty materials such as cholesterol

Question 7

ARDS

Answer 7

Acute, diffuse inflammatory lung injury caused by Diffuse alveolar damage and lung capillary endothelial injury

Question 8

Barrett’s

Answer 8

Columnar metaplasia of stratified squamous epithelium of the oedophagus that increases risk of adenocarcinoms

Question 9

Bence jones

Answer 9

Monoclonal globulin proteins or Ig light chains found in urine, produced by neosplastic plasma cells

Question 10

Breslow thickness

Answer 10

Measured in mm

From the top of stratum granulosum to the deepest point of the tumour involvement

Question 11

Carcinoma

Answer 11

Cancer derived from epithelial cells

Question 12

Carcinoid tumour

Answer 12

Slow growing neuroendocrine tumour derived from enterochromaffin cells

Question 13

Cellulitis

Answer 13

Spreading material infection of the skin, affecting dermis, subcutaneous fat - characterised by redness, warmth, swelling and pain

Question 14

Choriocarcinoma

Answer 14

Malignant tumour derived from trophoblast cells, syncitiotrophoblast and cytotrophoblast

Question 15

Contact tracing

Answer 15

Identification and diagnosis of persons who may have come into contact with an infected person

Question 16

Cryptorchidisn

Answer 16

Complete or partial failure of intra abdominal testes to descend into the scrotal sac

Associated with testicular dysfunction and increased risk of testicular cancer

Question 17

Frozen section

Answer 17

Laboratory technique to perform rapid microscopic analysis of specimen

Question 18

Giant cells

Answer 18

Multinucleate cells derived from the fusion of multiple activated macrophages to form granuloma

Question 19

Cross matching

Answer 19

Testing donor red cells against recipient serum to detect any potential incompatibility in which antibiotics in recipient cause haemolytic of donor cells

Question 20

HER2

Answer 20

Transmembrane epidermal growth factor, overexpressed in 15% of breast cancer cases

Question 21

High sensitivity

Answer 21

Ability of a test to correctly identify those with a disease

Question 22

High specificity

Answer 22

Ability of a test to correctly identify those without disease

Question 23

Hyperpladia

Answer 23

Increase in the number of cells in a tissue in response to a stimulus

Question 24

Immunohistochemistey

Answer 24

Laboratory technique that utilises antibody antigen complement fixation to localise specific antigens in cells

Question 25

Involucrum

Answer 25

Thickened new bone formed by periosteum enclosing sequestering If infection persists, there will be perforation of involucrum and sinus formation to the skin

Question 26

Mohs micrographic surgery

Answer 26

Serial tangential horizontal sections with serial histological evaluation, until all margins are clear

Question 27

Metastasis

Answer 27

Survival and growth of cells at a site distant from their primary origin

Question 28

Multiple myeloma

Answer 28

Malignant tumour of plasma cells Most common primary bone tumour in elderly - associated with lyric bone lesions, malignant hypercalcaemia, renal failure and acquired immune abnormalities

Question 29

Necrosis

Answer 29

Accidental and unregulated form of cell death resulting from cell membrane damage and loss of ion homeostasis

Question 30

Pathological fracture

Answer 30

Bone fracture occurring without adequate trauma and is caused by a pre-existent pathological bone lesion

Question 31

Panton Valentine Leucocidin

Answer 31

One of thirteen pore forming toxins associated with increased virulence of certain strains of staph aureus. Present in the majority of community MRSA

Question 32

Pus

Answer 32

Thick, yellowish liquid formed as part of an inflammatory process Composed of exudate, chiefly containing dead white bloods cells I.e neutrophils, tissue debris and pathogenic microorganisms

Question 33

Sick cell disease

Answer 33

Common hereditary haemoglobinopatht caused by point mutation in B globin that promotes polymerisation of deoxygenated haemaglobin

Question 34

Telomere

Answer 34

Region of repeated nucleotide sequences at each end of a chromosome, which protects the chromosome from deterioration or fusion with neighbouring chromosome

Question 35

What is GCA

Answer 35

Granulomatous Inflammatory disease of large and medium sized blood vessels causing intimal thickening Mainly affects branches of ECA

Question 36

What is granuloma

Answer 36

Organised collection of macrophages fusing to form Langerhans giant cells

Question 37

Two hit hypothesis

Answer 37

Most loss of function mutations in tumour suppressor genes are recessive In order for a particular cell to become cancerous and the mutation phenotype expressed, both alleles must be mutated

Question 38

What is h pylori

Answer 38

Gram negative microaerophilic spiral bacteria found in the stomach

Question 39

Troponin

Answer 39

Complex of three regulatory proteins (troponin C, I and T) that is integral to muscle contraction

Question 40

What is SIRS

Answer 40

Temp <36 or >38 HR >90 Tachypnoea >20 OR PaCO2 <4.3 WCC <4 OR >12 Hyperglycaemia >6.6 Altered mental status

Question 41

FAP

Answer 41

autosomal dominant condition Hundreds of adenomatous polyps mainly in epithelium of large intestine 100% cancer risk by 40 Loss of APC tumour suppressor gene on Ch 5

Question 42

Dysplasia

Answer 42

Disordered cellular development characterised by increased mitosis and pleomorphism WITHOUT ability to invade basement mmbr

Question 43

Granulation tissue

Answer 43

Combination of proliferating fibroblasts, loose connective tissue, new blood vessels and scattered chronic inflammatory cells A type of tissue unique to healing wounds

Question 44

Steroid

Answer 44

Organic compound composed of 4 cycloalkaine rings that joined together