Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Bio 253 > Pulmonary Edema > Flashcards

Pulmonary Edema Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is pulmonary edema?

A

Accumulation of fluid in the alveoli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Pulmonary edema is usually d/t __________.

A

L-sided heart failure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are some non-cardiogenic causes of pulmonary edema?

A
  • Fluid overload
  • Aspiration
  • Smoke inhalation from fire
  • IV drug abuse (especially narcotics)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How does IV drug abuse contribute to pulmonary edema?

A

They effect the brainstem and cause an increase in permeability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

T or F:

Pulmonary edema causes a l/o compliance d/t decreased elasticity

A

F, there is l/o compliance, but this is d/t fluid in the alveoli not l/o elasticity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is a specific characteristic of the cough that accompanies pulmonary edema/

A

The cough is productive, with frothy and possibly blood tinged sputum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What causes the dyspnea in pulmonary edema?

A

Inadequate filling and expansion of the lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the Tx of pulmonary edema?

A
  • Treat the cause

- Respiratory support

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is an embolus?

A

Anything in the blood that should not be there

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is a pulmonary embolism?

A

An occlusion in the pulmonary arterial bed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is pulmonary embolism usually due to?

A

DVT

- Pieces of the thrombus may break off and become emboli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are some causes of pulmonary embolism, excluding DVT?

A
  • Fracture
  • Air
  • Amniotic fluid
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How does a fracture contribute to pulmonary embolism?

A

When the fracture occurs, damage is done to the surrounding vessels. Then marrow of the fractured bone is exposed and if the fat contained in the marrow get into the surrounding vessels this can cause a pulmonary embolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How does amniotic contribute to pulmonary embolism?

A

Because the particulate matter from the fluid may become an embolis if it can gain access to the mum’s vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are saddle embolus?

A

Large emboli the form in the bifurcation of pulmonary arteries. If an embolus settles there, a thrombus may form around it and can occlude the lumen. Quickly life-threatening.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Patho of pulmonary embolism:

A

Thrombus in artery -> embolus -> obstructs perfusion -> platelets aggregate and degranulate/release mediators -> cause bronchial and pulmonary constriction -> hemodynamic instability

17
Q

What is hemodynamic instability?

A

Refers to the instability of the flow of blood

18
Q

How does the nervous system react in a situation with pulmonary embolism?

A

Triggers bronchoconstriction due to reflex in the brain

19
Q

How is the ventilation:perfusion ratio affected by a pulmonary embolism?

A

It will become unbalanced and result in hypoxemia

20
Q

How is cardiac output affected by pulmonary embolism?

A

There is a decrease in cardiac output because the embolus is obstructing flow through the pulmonary circuit, making it more difficult to adequately pump the blood into the left side of the heart. Decreased blood in the heart = decreased cardiac output

21
Q

T or F:

Pulmonary embolism causes a decrease in surfactant.

A

T

22
Q

How can pulmonary embolism cause right sided heart failure?

A

Because of the embolus, the right side of the heart ends up pumping against significant resistance, causing hypertrophy and, eventually, death. DUN DUN DUNNN

23
Q

What are the typical mnfts of pulmonary embolism?

(3)`

A
  • Dyspnea
  • Tachypnea
  • Chest pain
24
Q

Why does tachycardia happen during pulmonary embolism?

A

This is a compensatory mechanism, the increased heart rate will increase the speed of bloodflow and help to compensate for the decrease in oxygen.

25
Q

What are 3 important labs to run for pulmonary embolism and why are they done?

A
  1. ABG’s
    - Measures the acidity, or pH, and the levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide from an artery
  2. D-dimer
    - Measures for the presence of fragments of fibrin, broken down by fibrinolysis
  3. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH3)
    - A lung specific enzyme
26
Q

What is 131I-HSA and what is it used for?

A
  • 131I is an isotope
  • HSA is “human serum albumin”
  • This test is a lung scan that will track the path of the 131I-HSA through the lungs until it reaches the obstruction
27
Q

What kinds of imaging may be done to diagnose pulmonary embolism?

A
  • Chest X-ray
  • CT
  • Angiogram
28
Q

What is the treatment of pulmonary embolism?

4

A
  • STAT intervention
  • Maintain cardio-pulmonary support
    • Eg drugs, O2, inc CO, etc
  • Thrombolytics and anticoagulants
  • Treat the cause
    • Eg DVT
29
Q

When does pulmonary HTN occur?

A

When there is a sustained pulmonary arterial pressure exceeding 25 mmHg (normal = 15 mmHg)

30
Q

The pulmonary circuit is compliant because…

2

A

…it has low resistance and low pressure

31
Q

If the CO is increased, this will have a _______ impact on pulmonary pressure.

A

Minimal

32
Q

If resistance were to increase within the pulmonary circuit, what kind of effect would this have on the pulmonary pressure?

A

Pressure will increase

33
Q

Most cases of pulmonary HTN are due to:

A

Existing problems of cardiac and pulmonary origin.

34
Q

What are the 3 categories of pulmonary HTN?

A
  • Hypoxemia
  • Increased pulmonary venous pressure
    • Eg mitral valve stenosis
  • Increased pulmonary blood volume
    • Eg septal defect
35
Q

Mnfts of pulmonary HTN:

7

A
  • Dyspnea
  • Fatigue
  • Syncope
  • Chest pain on exertion
  • Those of right sided failure
  • Distended pulmonary arteries
    • Seen on x-ray
  • Right ventricle hypertrophy
    • Seen on x-ray
36
Q

What is the treatment of pulmonary HTN?

3

A
  • Treat the cause
  • Ca channel blocker
  • Prostacyclin (PGI2)
    • Used if other drugs fail
    • Potent vasodilator
    • Anti-platelet

Bio 253 (44 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions