🟠 Psychopathology - OCD Flashcards
What is OCD
an anxiety disorder, characterised by irrational, persistent and intrusive thoughts (obsessions) and intense, uncontrollable urges to complete tasks (compulsions)
Behavioural characteristics of OCD
- COMPULSIONS, they are repetitive (compelled to repeat a behaviour) and they reduce anxiety by performing these obsessions
- AVOIDANCE, sufferers may try to reduce anxiety by staying away from situations. For example, the sufferer may have irrational thoughts about germs in a bin so they don’t go near it
Emotional characteristics of OCD
- ANXIETY AND DISTRESS, caused by powerful axiety DEPRESSION obsessions and compulsions
- DEPRESSION, due to discomfort and interference
- GUILT AND DISGUST, directed internally or externally at the world
Cognitive characteristics of OCD
- OBSESSIVE THOUGHTS: 90% of OCD sufferers main cognitive features recur over and over
- COGNITIVE STRATEGIES: sufferers can respond to obsessive thoughts by using cognitive coping stragetiesm
- INSIGHT TO EXCESSIVE ANXIETY: sufferers are aware that their obsessions and compulsions are irrational
OCD CYCLE
obsessive thoughts
Anxiety
Compulsive behaviour
Temporary relief
Concordance rate
Measure of genetic similarity
Dompamine
A key neurotransmitter in the brain which effects motivation and drive
Serotonin
Another neurotranmitter which is believed to have an effect on mood regulation
Diathesis stress model
psychological theory that explains mental disorders as a result of a combination of environmental stressors and a person’s inherent vulnerability
What is the COMT gene
The gene is associated with the production of an enzyme that regulates the function of dopamine
What does the variation of the COMT gene do
Decreases the amount of COMT available and so dopamine is not controlled and there is probably too much dopamine (associated with OCD)
Why does too much dopamine cause OCD
Because it potentially disrupts the brains reward system leading to an increased focus on repetitive behaviors (compulsions) that are aimed at achieving a sense of relief from anxiety caused by intrusive thoughts (obsessions)
What does SERT gene do
Affects the transport of serotonin
What happens to people’s sert gene with OCD
the sert gene mutates, causing an increase in transporter proteins at a neurons membrane, leads to an increase in the REUPTAKE of serotonin into the neuron which decreases levels of serotonin
How does little serotonin cause ocd
If you don’t have much serotonin floating around in your brain, you might feel depressed or anxious which could lead to ocd
What are candidate genes .
Candidate genes are the genes which create vulnerability for OCD e,g COMT and sent
What does it mean by saying OCD is polygenic
Not a single gene implicates OCD, multiple do. Complex and unclear disorder.
Taylor (2013) meta analysis found evidence of up to 230 different genes involved with OCD
What does aetiologically heterogeneous mean
Different types of OCD, a number of different colonisations of genes
Supporting evidence of biological explanations of OCD
Family studies (Lewis 1936)
Twin studies (nestadt et al 2010)
Family studies
Lewis 1936’ assessed ocd sufferers and found that 37% had parents who also had the disorder. 21% of sufferers also had siblings who had the disorder
Twin studies
Nestadt et al 2010, reviewed twin studies examining OCD, found concordance rate of 68% in identical twins, and 31% of non identical twins
Positives of biological explanation of OCD
- good supporting evidence, but concordance rate is not 100% so environment must play a role
Negatives of biological explanation to OCD
- too many candidate genes which means they can’t provide a useful, predictive value for the disorder
- culturally transmitted, families may be more vulnerable to OCD as the family members may observe and imitate each ither’s behabiour
OFC
Orbitofontrol cortex
