⚪️ Memory - Eyewitness Testimony & Anxiety Flashcards
What is the effect of crime on EW
Crimes often cause anxiety in witnesses, fight or flight response is activated meaning hr is increased and adrenaline
What is the weapons focus effect
The tendency to focus on threatening stimuli and it can lead to reduced attention on other details. It may impair memory of perpetrators appearance
What is the Yerkes - Dodson Law-anxiety and how does it affect EWT
- performance improves with an increase arousal up to a certain point and then decreases with further arousal
- little arousal or too much arousal my decrease the accuracy of recall
Method of Johnson and Scott study (1976)
- in both conditions Ps heard a discussion in an adjoining room
- in the no weapon group, the individual left the lab (after talking) with a pen in hand and his hands covered in grease
- in the weapon group the participants heard an altercation and the sound of breaking glass and chairs falling then an individual running into reception holding a blood knife and blood
- both groups then showed 50 photos and asked to identify the person who had left the lab
Results of Johnson and Scott (1976)
- two conditions (low anxiety pen) (high anxiety knife)
- results : 49% recall in low anxiety and 33% in high anxiety
- suggests anxiety may negatively impact recall
3 reasons anxiety has a positive impact on EWT
- Fight or flight response may increase alertness
- Heightened awareness of surroundings
- Emotionally arousing events may create stronger memories
Study which shows positive effect of anxiety
Yuille and Cutshall (1986), other flash card
- 93% accuracy for highly distressed witnesses
Christiansen and Hubinette study (1993)
- examined 22 real bank robberies
- no evidence of high arousal negatively impacting recall
- accurate recall memories 4-15 months later
- supports idea that emotional events are well remembered
Positive of the real life studies
Higher ecological validity
Limitations of real life studies
- lack of control over extraneous variables
- possible influence of post event discussion
- media reports may affect memory
- proximity to crime scene as a potential factor
Conclusion of anxiety effect of EWT
- anxiety’s impact on EWT is complex
- real life studies suggest possible memory