🟡 Attachment - Cultural Variations in Attachment Flashcards
Culture
Shared beliefs and values of members of a particular society
2 broad types of culture
- Individualist
- Collectivist
What is an individualist culture
A culture which emphasises personal independence and achievement at the expense of group goals
What is a collectivist culture
A culture which emphasises family and work goals about individual needs and desires. There is a high degree of interdependence between people. Wider goals for community not self
Non western communities
Aim of Ijzendoorn and Krooneburg (1988)
- aimed to look at the proportions of Ainsworth’s 3 types of attachment across a range of countries / cultures
Method of Ijzendoorn and kroonenberg (1988)
Completed a meta analysis on 32 sturdiest across 8 countries using Strange situation.
Conducted on 1990 babies
Attachment types between and within cultures were studied
Findings of Ijzendoorn and kroonenberg (1988)
Secure attachment was the most common in all cultures - highest in GB
Germany had highest number of avoidant - shows German parents encouraged interdependence
Japan had very few avoidant but high resistant
There was 1.5x more variation within cultures than between cultures
Negatives of Ijzendoorn and Kroonenburg (1988)
- didn’t include a balanced number for all nations - 18/32 studies carried out in USA
- class of participants may influence results
- strange situation designed for Americans
Method of Takahashi (1990)
60 one year olds from middle class Japanese families observed in strange situation
Findings of Takahashi (1990)
0 infants = insecure resistant
All children were distressed when left alone
90% didn’t complete due to extreme stress
Conclusions of Takahashi (1990)
There are cross cultural differences in raising children producing different reactions to strange situation.
