⚪️ Memory - Multi-store Model of Memory

Question 1

Who is the multi store model of memory created by

Answer 1

Atkinson + shiffin (1968)

Question 2

3 boxes in multi store model of memory

Answer 2

Sensory memory/register
Short term memory
Long term memory

Question 3

Sensory register

Answer 3

Comes in from an external stimuli
Coded via 5 senses
Capacity is huge but it can’t be measured
Duration is 1/2 seconds

Question 4

In order for information to be passed from sensory to short term memory, what has to happen

Answer 4

Attention has to be payed

Question 5

Short term memory

Answer 5

Capacity = 5-9 items
Encoded acoustically
Duration is 30 seconds
Maintained through sub vocal repetition and rehearsal

Question 6

For short term to go to long term memory, what has to happen

Answer 6

Rehearsal

Question 7

Long term memory

Answer 7

Capacity = unlimited
Encoding = semantically
Duration = forever

Question 8

What is coding

Answer 8

The way information is changed so that it can be stored in memory. Information enters via the senses to the brain and is then stored in various codes such as visual codes, acoustic codes or semantic codes

Question 9

What is capacity

Answer 9

The amount of information that can be held in memory

Question 10

What is duration

Answer 10

The length of time information can be held in memory

Question 11

5 senses

Answer 11

Seeing
Hearing
Taste
Touch
Smell

Question 12

What did Joseph Jacobs (1887) study

Answer 12

Developed the digit span technique
Researcher gives 4 digits and the participant must recall these in the correct order out loud
If this cis correct, he then reads out 5 digits and so on until the participant cannot recall the order correctly. This will determine the individuals digit scann

Question 13

Findings of Joseph Jacobs (1887) experiment

Answer 13

Mean digit span across all participants was 9.3 items and mean for letters was 7.3

Question 14

Miller (1956)

Answer 14

Millers magic 7
Concluded the capacity of human memory is 7+-2 items ofr 5-9
People cope well with counting 7 flashing dots but not much more

Question 15

What is chunking

Answer 15

Recall 5 words as easily as 5 letters

Question 16

What does chunking enable

Answer 16

The capacity of STM could be considerably increased by combining / organised separate bits of information into chunks

Question 17

Evidence of short term memory

Answer 17

Peterson and Peterson 1959

Question 18

Aim of Peterson and Peterson 1959

Answer 18

To investigate the duration of STM, and provide empirical evidence for the multi store model

Question 19

Procedure of Peterson and Peterson 1959

Answer 19

A lab experiment - 24 participants had to recall trigrams. To prevent rehearsal, students had to count backwards from a specific random number until they saw a red light appear. Known as the BROWN PETERSON TECHNIQUE. Asked to recall trigrams after intervals of 3,6,9,12,15,18 seconds

Question 20

Findings of Peterson and Peterson 1959

Answer 20

Participants were able to recall 80% of trigrams after a 3 seconds delay, 50% after 6 seconds and after 18 seconds less than 10%

Question 21

What does it mean to be acoustically similar

Answer 21

Sound similar

Question 22

Method of Baddeley’s coding STM experiment

Answer 22

Gave a different list of words to 4 groups of participants to remember

Group 1 = acoustically similar
Group 2 = acoustically dis

Question 23

Findings of baddeleys research

Answer 23

• words with similar sounds were much harder to recall using STM than words with dissimilar sounds
• acoustically similar words get confused within it - overload of similar information therefore cannot handle it.

Question 24

Conclusion of baddeleys research

Answer 24

• STM relieves heavily on acoustic coding. Acoustically similar words were more difficult to encode because trying to encode too much information at the same time that all sounds the same
• in long term memory, you can only store things that makes sense and that you understand (semantically)

Question 25

Experiment for testing duration of long term memory

Answer 25

BAHRICK ET AL (1975)

• tested us graduates
• shied classmates photos years later
• 90% accuracy for remembering names and faces 14 years after graduation
• declined after 48 years

Question 26

Baddeleys research for LTM

Answer 26

Group 1= acoustically similar
Group 2 = acoustically dissimilar
group 3 = semantically similar words (words with similar meaning)
Group 4 = semantically dissimilar (words that all have different meaning)

Question 27

Findings of baddeleys research for LTM

Answer 27

• recall was much worse for semantically similar words than for dissimilar words
• recall from LTM was the same for acoustically similar and dissimilar words
• LTM, codes semantically, an overload of semantic information will get confused

Question 28

Conclusion of baddeleys research on LTM

Answer 28

encoding in the OTM not exclusively but does primarily make use of semantic coding

Question 29

Forgetting for sensory, STM AND LTM

Answer 29

sensory = decay
STM = decay or displacement
KTM = decay or retrieval failure

Question 30

2 limitations of MTM

Answer 30

1. An oversimplification, e,g doesn’t distinguish between STM stores and different LTM stores
2. Rehearsal doesn’t explain all LTM MEMORIES

Question 31

4 positives of MTM

Answer 31

• there is research support
• it can explain how it is organised / structured
• it can explain how it works (process attention rehearsal)
• makes predictions which can be tested scientifically