Psychology - Sensory Contributions Flashcards
Schmidt & Wrisberg degrees of freedom definition? (2000, p.124)
“The number of components of a control system and the possible ways each can perform.”
How can we think of controlling degrees of freedom?
Controlling the movement of the skeleton.
Schmidt motor program defintion? (1988, p.266)
“An abstract code or structure that, when executed, results in a movement.”
What is the concept of motor program theory? What is not needed?
Movements are planned in advance and then triggered in such a way that they run their course without much modification.
Conscious control is not needed.
3 core principles of sensory information?
- ) We are constrained by our biological makeup.
- ) Information must come from these basic sources.
- ) Large amount of info comes from the environment.
Exteroception?
Sensitivity to stimuli originating outside of the body.
Examples of exteroception?
- Vision e.g. movement of objects, anticipation, spatial/temporal aspects of our own movements.
- Audition e.g. anticipation, awareness.
(Vaitl, 1996) Interoception definition?
Describes a broad range of sensory and perceptual mechanisms related to the processing of stimuli emerging from within the body.
What “caption” is most relevant for movement control?
Proprioception.
“Proprio”?
From within the body.
What does proprioception give us?
Information about the body, limb and joint positioning.
What does proprioception identify?
Identifies forces/tension produced in muscles, and the orientation of your body in space.
Orientation?
Locational awareness.
Kinaethesis?
Similar to proprioception but strictly refers to awareness of movement in muscles and joints.
“Kines”? “Thesis”?
- Movement
- The sense of
What is kinaethesis important for? Examples of sports it’s used in?
Balance, maintaining form and orienting the body in space e.g. cricket, dance, trampolining, diving etc.
There is a thin margin between proprioception and kinaethesis as it is…
used synonymously.
4 receptors that provide info about kinaesthesis?
- ) Vestibular apparatus.
- ) Muscle spindles.
- ) Golgi tendon organs.
- ) Cutaneous receptors.
Vestibular apparatus? What does it detect? What is it crucial for?
Inner ear.
Detects movement of head.
Crucial for balance.
Muscle spindles? What does it give you info about?
Embedded in muscle tissue.
Gives you info about changes in muscle length.
What do the Golgi tendon organs signal?
Signal info about the force in muscles.
Cutaneous receptors? What do they detect?
In the skin.
Detect pressure, temperature, and touch.
Example of paresthesia?
Your arm falling asleep when you lay on it.
How is paresthesia caused?
Caused by relatively short duration pressure blocking blood flow to the nerves.
Feelings during the ‘asleep’ phase of paresthesia?
Lack of control.
Numbness.
Feelings during the ‘waking up’ phase of paresthesia?
- 1st pain and temp
- 2nd control
- 3rd feeling
Which nerve fibres wake up quicker during the ‘waking up’ phase of paresthesia?
The smaller nerve fibres.
Closed loop control?
A type of control that involves the use of feedback and the activity of error detection and correction processes to maintain the desired state.
When is closed loop control used?
Used by people to control slow, deliberate movements.
4 components of closed loop control?
- ) Executive - makes decisions about corrective actions needed.
- ) Effector - carries out those decisions.
- ) Feedback - info about the actual state of the system.
- ) Comparator/Error detection mechanism - compares actual feedback to desired state and relays any difference (i.e. error) to the executive.
