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Sport & Exercise Science > Physiology Test (Semester 1 Year 1) > Flashcards

Physiology Test (Semester 1 Year 1) Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the resting cardiac output in humans when at rest in the supine position?

A

Around 4.3L/min

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2
Q

When does the sympathetic system dominate cardiac control?

A

When stress is being experienced and HR is above 100bpm

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3
Q

How does blood move from the lungs, to the heart, and then to the body?

A
  1. ) Alveolar capillaries
  2. ) Pulmonary vein
  3. ) Left atrium
  4. ) Mitral valve
  5. ) Left ventricle
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4
Q

When measuring blood pressure, where should a stethoscope be placed?

A

The brachial artery at the elbow joint

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5
Q

What are the sounds heard when measuring blood pressure known as?

A

Korotkoff

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6
Q

Formula for cardiac output?

A

Cardiac output = HR x SV

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7
Q

Formula for stroke volume?

A

SV = EDV - ESV

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8
Q

Formula for the ejection fraction?

A

Ejection fraction (%) = (SV divided by EDV) x 100

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9
Q

What is a typical value for cardiac output in a non-elite athlete during running, cycling or swimming?

A

20-25L/min

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10
Q

Formula for the respiratory exchange ratio?

A

RER = VCO2 divided by VO2

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11
Q

Formula for energy expenditure?

A

EE = VO2 x kcal equivalent

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12
Q

What factors affect EE?

A

Physical activity.
Hormones.
Pregnancy.
Illness.

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13
Q

Formula for the fatigue index?

A

Fatigue index (%) = (Peak Power - End Power) divided by Peak Power x 100

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14
Q

What is the correct resistance used during a Wingate test expressed as a % of body mass?

A

7.5%

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15
Q

What are the systolic and diastolic values for normal blood pressure?

A 
Systolic = Less than 120mmHg
Diastolic = Less than 80 mmHg
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16
Q

What are the systolic and diastolic values for prehypertension?

A 
Systolic = 120-139mmHg
Diastolic = 80-89mmHg
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17
Q

What are the systolic and diastolic values for hypertension stage 1?

A 
Systolic = 140-159mmHg
Diastolic = 90-99mmHg
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18
Q

What are the systolic and diastolic values for hypertension stage 2?

A 
Systolic = 160mmHg+
Diastolic = 100mmHg+
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19
Q

What are the systolic and diastolic values for hyper intensive crisis?

A 
Systolic = 180mmHg+
Diastolic = 110mmHg+
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20
Q

What is an RPE of 7 on the Borg Scale?

A

Very, very light

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21
Q

What is an RPE of 9 on the Borg Scale?

A

Very light

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22
Q

What is an RPE of 11 on the Borg Scale?

A

Fairly light

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23
Q

What is an RPE of 13 on the Borg Scale?

A

Somewhat hard

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24
Q

What is an RPE of 17 on the Borg Scale?

A

Very hard

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25
Q

What is an RPE of 15 on the Borg Scale?

A

Hard

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26
Q

What is an RPE of 19 on the Borg Scale?

A

Very, very hard

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27
Q

What is an RPE of 20 on the Borg Scale?

A

Maximum exertion

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28
Q

What are metabolic equivalents based on?

A

Multiples of oxygen consumption

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29
Q

Formula for relative VO2max?

A

Relative VO2max = L/min x 1000 divided by body weight (kg)

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30
Q

Typical aerobic capacity levels for girls aged 11-16?

A

37-43ml/kg/min

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31
Q

Why is aerobic function lower in children compared to adults?

A

Reduced aerobic enzyme activity.

Reduced muscle mass.

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32
Q

What happens to the membrane when action potential begins?

A

It depolarises

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33
Q

What % decline occurs in physiological function as we get older?

A

1%

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34
Q

In an elderly population, what is the relationship between strength and age?

A

Negatively linear

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35
Q

Why will the characteristics of a power output profile be different in a sprinter than an endurance runner?

A

Peak power output will be higher and the rate of fatigue will be faster in the sprinter

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36
Q

What does MVC stand for?

A

Maximal voluntary contraction

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37
Q

What is the role of the sarcoplasmic recticulum?

A

It stores calcium

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38
Q

What is hyperplasia?

A

An increase in the number of cells within a muscle associated with maturation

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39
Q

What is the partial pressure of oxygen in the air at sea level?

A

159.1mmHg

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40
Q

What is the purpose of medical clearance prior to an exercise programme?

A

To identify risks.
To compare changes in health.
To prescribe an appropriate programme.

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41
Q

Where does oxidative phosphorylation occur?

A

In the mitochondria

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42
Q

When does peak height velocity occur in girls?

A

8-12 years of age

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43
Q

What happens to blood pressure as you age?

A

It increases

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44
Q

Units for work?

A

J

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45
Q

Units for body mass?

A

kg

46
Q

Units for force?

A

N

47
Q

Units for power?

A

W

48
Q

Units for energy expenditure?

A

Kcal/min

49
Q

Units for relative oxygen uptake?

A

ml/kg/min

50
Q

Units for maximal voluntary ventilation?

A

L/min

51
Q

Units for lactate concentration?

A

mM

52
Q

Units for partial pressure of oxygen?

A

mmHg

53
Q

Units for forced vital capacity?

A

L

54
Q

What does hypertrophic growth involve?

A

An increase in the size of existing cells

55
Q

Typical values for VO2max in ml/kg/min in 11-16 year old boys?

A

48-50ml/kg/min

56
Q

Where does the heart receive its extrinsic nervous control from?

A

Sympathetic & parasympathetic nervous system

57
Q

What is the % contribution of genetics to overall health status?

A

20%

58
Q

What is the number 1 risk for global mortality?

A

High blood pressure

59
Q

What is a high value of total cholesterol?

A

230+

60
Q

What is the primary function of insulin in the human body?

A

To facilitate the uptake of glucose into cells

61
Q

What is an ischemic stroke?

A

A stroke cause by interruption of blood supply

62
Q

What is the correct protocol for the Bruce treadmill test?

A
  • 3 min stages

- 1.7mph on a 10% gradient

63
Q

What type of anatomical landmark and shape are necessary when placing ECG electrodes?

A

Bone and triangle

64
Q

Characteristics of type 2a muscle fibres?

A
  • Moderately high oxidative capacity
  • High glycolytic capacity
  • Fast contractile speed
  • Moderate fatigue resistance
  • High motor unit strength
65
Q

At approximately what age does peak physiological function occur?

A

30

66
Q

How many muscle fibres do fast twitch motor units have?

A

300-800

67
Q

Irrespective of whether it is from a male or female, the amount of force produced by one cm2 cross-sectional area of muscle is…?

A

16-30N

68
Q

What does myosin release prior to being in a state of rigour?

A

Adenosine diphosphate

69
Q

What stage of growth/development includes rapid growth and improved neuromuscular coordination?

A

Infancy

70
Q

How many hours do favourable changes in blood glucose tolerance occur for?

A

72 hours

71
Q

Equation for work done in a Wingate test?

A

Work done = Power x Time

72
Q

What are the components of dyslipidaemia?

A
  • Elevated low density lipoprotein
  • Elevated total cholesterol
  • Elevated triglyceride
73
Q

1kcal is equivalent to how many joules?

A

4186J

74
Q

What is the term for the ratio of CO2 expired to O2 consumed at the level of lungs?

A

Respiratory exchange ratio

75
Q

What is basal metabolic rate?

A

The minimum amount of energy your body needs to sustain basic bodily function

76
Q

Average total metabolic rate of an individual engaged in normal daily activity?

A

1800-3000kcal

77
Q

How much oxygen per minute does the average body require to satisfy its resting energy requirements?

A

0.2-0.35 L/min

78
Q

What is the energy expenditure above resting rate post exercise called?

A

Excess post-exercise oxygen consumption

79
Q

Correct order of body stores of fuels and energy in terms of kcal based on an average body mass of 65kg with 12% body fat?

A
  1. ) Subcutaneous fat
  2. ) Muscle glycogen
  3. ) Intramuscular fat
  4. ) Liver glycogen
  5. ) Glucose in body fluids
80
Q

What does aerobic glycolysis begin with?

A

Glucose or glycogen

81
Q

What does aerobic glycolysis end with?

A

Pyruvate

82
Q

The most rapid method to generate ATP during increased muscular work is through…?

A

ATP/PCr system

83
Q

What are the three energy systems?

A
  • ATP/PCr system
  • Glycolytic system
  • Oxidative system
84
Q

What is the enzyme involved with the breakdown of ATP called?

A

ATPase

85
Q

The term to describe a Pi molecule being added to ADP to form ATP is…?

A

Phosphorylation

86
Q

When glycogen is used in the process of anaerobic glycolysis the number of ATP molecules synthesised is…?

A

3

87
Q

In the absence of oxygen the end product of glycolysis Pyruvate is converted in to what?

A

Lactic acid

88
Q

Is there 3-5 times more stored in PCr or ATP?

A

PCr

89
Q

The release of energy from the breakdown of ATP is due to what?

A

The breaking of the bonds between phosphate molecules

90
Q

What are the two co-enzyme carriers that transport hydrogen ions to the Electron Transport Chain called?

A

NAD & FAD

91
Q

The Krebs cycle and the Electron Transport Chain take place in which part of the cell?

A

Mitochondria

92
Q

In the presence of oxygen pyruvic acid is converted to what during aerobic glycolysis?

A

Acetyl Co-enzyme A

93
Q

Which ions are produced from glycolysis and the Krebs cycle?

A

Hydrogen ions

94
Q

How many mols of ATP are synthesised when glycogen enters the complete process of the oxidative system?

A

39

95
Q

How many mols of ATP are produced at the end of the Krebs cycle process?

A

2

96
Q

Fuel sources for the Oxidative system can come from which sources?

A
  • Fats
  • Carbs
  • Protein
97
Q

During sprint exercise of 30s duration, the aerobic energy system contributes to what?

A

Energy metabolism

98
Q

How many fibres does a neuron that innervates fast twitch fibres innervate?

A

300+

99
Q

How many fibres does a neuron that innervates slow twitch fibres innervate?

A

<300

100
Q

What is the function of perimysium?

A

To surround groups of muscle cells known as fascicles

101
Q

What is the receptor site for calcium in an actin filament?

A

Troponin complex

102
Q

What does an absence of ATP in the binding site on the myosin head result in?

A

A rigor state where myosin is tightly bound to actin

103
Q

What does the A line represent in a muscle fibre?

A

The length of thick filaments

104
Q

What is the power stroke initiated by?

A

The release of inorganic phosphate

105
Q

When is action potential generated?

A
  • Stimulus generates 15-20mV

- Activation threshold of -50mV is exceeded

106
Q

What is a resting membrane potential?

A

-70mV

107
Q

What is continual stimulation known as?

A

Tetanus

108
Q

Which type of muscle contraction produces the greatest force?

A

Eccentric

109
Q

What do type 1 fibres possess?

A
  • Many oxidative enzymes
  • Many mitochondria
  • Myoglobin
  • Large capillary density
110
Q

Why is power greater in Type IIx fibres for the same absolute force?

A

They have a different form of myosin ATPase and have a more developed sarcoplasmic reticulum

Sport & Exercise Science (33 decks)

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