Physiology Test (Semester 1 Year 1) Flashcards
What is the resting cardiac output in humans when at rest in the supine position?
Around 4.3L/min
When does the sympathetic system dominate cardiac control?
When stress is being experienced and HR is above 100bpm
How does blood move from the lungs, to the heart, and then to the body?
- ) Alveolar capillaries
- ) Pulmonary vein
- ) Left atrium
- ) Mitral valve
- ) Left ventricle
When measuring blood pressure, where should a stethoscope be placed?
The brachial artery at the elbow joint
What are the sounds heard when measuring blood pressure known as?
Korotkoff
Formula for cardiac output?
Cardiac output = HR x SV
Formula for stroke volume?
SV = EDV - ESV
Formula for the ejection fraction?
Ejection fraction (%) = (SV divided by EDV) x 100
What is a typical value for cardiac output in a non-elite athlete during running, cycling or swimming?
20-25L/min
Formula for the respiratory exchange ratio?
RER = VCO2 divided by VO2
Formula for energy expenditure?
EE = VO2 x kcal equivalent
What factors affect EE?
Physical activity.
Hormones.
Pregnancy.
Illness.
Formula for the fatigue index?
Fatigue index (%) = (Peak Power - End Power) divided by Peak Power x 100
What is the correct resistance used during a Wingate test expressed as a % of body mass?
7.5%
What are the systolic and diastolic values for normal blood pressure?
Systolic = Less than 120mmHg Diastolic = Less than 80 mmHg
What are the systolic and diastolic values for prehypertension?
Systolic = 120-139mmHg Diastolic = 80-89mmHg
What are the systolic and diastolic values for hypertension stage 1?
Systolic = 140-159mmHg Diastolic = 90-99mmHg
What are the systolic and diastolic values for hypertension stage 2?
Systolic = 160mmHg+ Diastolic = 100mmHg+
What are the systolic and diastolic values for hyper intensive crisis?
Systolic = 180mmHg+ Diastolic = 110mmHg+
What is an RPE of 7 on the Borg Scale?
Very, very light
What is an RPE of 9 on the Borg Scale?
Very light
What is an RPE of 11 on the Borg Scale?
Fairly light
What is an RPE of 13 on the Borg Scale?
Somewhat hard
What is an RPE of 17 on the Borg Scale?
Very hard
What is an RPE of 15 on the Borg Scale?
Hard
What is an RPE of 19 on the Borg Scale?
Very, very hard
What is an RPE of 20 on the Borg Scale?
Maximum exertion
What are metabolic equivalents based on?
Multiples of oxygen consumption
Formula for relative VO2max?
Relative VO2max = L/min x 1000 divided by body weight (kg)
Typical aerobic capacity levels for girls aged 11-16?
37-43ml/kg/min
Why is aerobic function lower in children compared to adults?
Reduced aerobic enzyme activity.
Reduced muscle mass.
What happens to the membrane when action potential begins?
It depolarises
What % decline occurs in physiological function as we get older?
1%
In an elderly population, what is the relationship between strength and age?
Negatively linear
Why will the characteristics of a power output profile be different in a sprinter than an endurance runner?
Peak power output will be higher and the rate of fatigue will be faster in the sprinter
What does MVC stand for?
Maximal voluntary contraction
What is the role of the sarcoplasmic recticulum?
It stores calcium
What is hyperplasia?
An increase in the number of cells within a muscle associated with maturation
What is the partial pressure of oxygen in the air at sea level?
159.1mmHg
What is the purpose of medical clearance prior to an exercise programme?
To identify risks.
To compare changes in health.
To prescribe an appropriate programme.
Where does oxidative phosphorylation occur?
In the mitochondria
When does peak height velocity occur in girls?
8-12 years of age
What happens to blood pressure as you age?
It increases
Units for work?
J