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Sport & Exercise Science > Biomechanics - Biomechanical Principles 2 > Flashcards

Biomechanics - Biomechanical Principles 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What have different authors proposed that underlies coordinated movements in sports? How often is it used? When does it work best?

A

Different principles.
Often.
Low-skilled individuals.

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2
Q

What can the movement principles approach potentially lead to?

A

Can lead to blind alleys as not all principles apply to different movements.

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3
Q

Examples of authors who have written about movement principles? Year written?

A

Knudson (2003)
Bartlett (2014)
Lees and Robinson (2015)
Burkett (2019)

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4
Q

How many movement principles does Burkett (2019) have? What form are they in?

A

7 questions.

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5
Q

1st Burkett (2019) principle?

A

Does the athlete have optimal stability when applying or receiving force?

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6
Q

2nd Burkett (2019) principle?

A

Is the athlete using all the muscles that can contribute to to the skill?

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7
Q

3rd Burkett (2019) principle?

A

Is the athlete applying force with the muscles in the correct sequence?

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8
Q

4th Burkett (2019) principle?

A

Is the athlete applying the right amount of muscular force over the appropriate time and distance?

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9
Q

5th Burkett (2019) principle?

A

Is the athlete applying force in the correct direction?

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10
Q

6th Burkett (2019) principle?

A

Is the athlete correctly applying torque and momentum transfer?

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11
Q

7th Burkett (2019) principle?

A

Is the athlete decreasing rotary resistance to spin slower?

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12
Q

Torque? Units?

A

Force x Perpendicular distance from line of action.

Nm/Newton metres.

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13
Q

Momentum transfer?

A

The amount of momentum transferred from one object to another during particle collision or interaction.

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14
Q

Rotary resistance?

A

Controlling the speed of rotation.

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15
Q

How many movement principles do Lees and Robinson have (2015) have?What form are they in & units?

A 
17 principles.
4 x Speed (S)
7 x Force (F)
4 x Coordination (C)
2 x Specific performance (P)
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16
Q

Lees and Robinson (2015) speed principles?

A

S1.) Whole body running speed.
S2.) Whole body rotational speed.
S3.) Limb rotational speed.
S4.) End point speed.

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17
Q

Lees and Robinson (2015) force principles?

A 
F1.) Maximum force production.
F2.) Range of motion.
F3.) Change of running direction.
F4.) Impact - stationary ball or object.
F5.) Impact - moving ball or object.
F6.) Stability.
F7.) Resistance to motion in fluids.
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18
Q

Lees and Robinson (2015) coordination principles?

A

C1.) Action-reaction: simultaneous movements of opposing limbs.
C2.) Proximal-to-distal sequence of movements.
C3.) Simultaneous joint movements for force/power production.
C4.) Stretch-shorten cycle.

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19
Q

Lees and Robinson (2015) specific performance principles?

A

P1.) Flight and projectile motion.

P2.) Speed-accuracy trade off.

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20
Q

(S1 Lees and Robinson, 2015) Around what distance is maximum running speed achieved?

A

40-50m of sprinting.

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21
Q

(S1 Lees and Robinson, 2015) When is running speed often controlled/kept sub-maximal by the performer?

A

Due to the complexity of the skill and/or the high forces involved.

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22
Q

(S1 Lees and Robinson, 2015) Why is the ability to accelerate important for field game athletes?

A

Because players are unlikely to reach their top running speed.

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23
Q

(F4 Lees and Robinson, 2015) When hitting a stationary ball/object, where must the implement making the impact go?

A

Must move in the direction it is intended that the ball/object being hit should go to.

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24
Q

(F4 Lees and Robinson, 2015) Which Burkett principle relates to this principle?

A

5th principle.

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25
Q

(F1 Lees and Robinson, 2015) What is required to produce maximum effective force?

A

A firm base on which to push.

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26
Q

(F1 Lees and Robinson, 2015)

Which Burkett principle relates to this principle?

A

2nd principle.

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27
Q

(F2 Lees and Robinson, 2015) The greater the limbs range of motion…
How to achieve a greater muscle force?

A

…the longer muscle force is applied.

By contracting muscle over a greater range of motion.

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28
Q

(F2 Lees and Robinson, 2015) Which Burkett principle relates to this principle?

A

4th principle.

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29
Q

Momentum?

A

The product of the mass and velocity.

The quantity of motion which a body possesses.

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30
Q

Vector quantity? Examples?

A

A quantity that has both magnitude and direction. Momentum and acceleration are vector quantities.

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31
Q

Units of momentum?

A

kg.m/s

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32
Q

Impulse is calculated as the product of…

A

…force and time over which it acts.

33
Q

Impulse formula?

A

Impulse = Force x Time.

34
Q

Units of impulse?

A

Newton seconds (N.s)

35
Q

What is a change in momentum?

A

An impulse.

36
Q

Ft = mv2 - mv1?

A
  • Impulse momentum equation.
  • F = Force
  • T = Time
  • mv2 = Final velocity
  • mv1 = Starting velocity
37
Q

How can large impulses and momentums be created?

A

By large forces or long application times.

38
Q

(F3 Lees and Robinson, 2015) How is a change in direction of motion when running produced? Example?

A

By applying a force at right angles (perpendicular) to the current direction of motion.

39
Q

(F3 Lees and Robinson, 2015) When changing direction what is the player trying to maximise?

A

The friction force applied to the surface.

40
Q

Friction force? Example?

A

Friction acts as a resisting force which is generated, when two solid surfaces slide against one another.
E.g. when walking there is resistance between our feet/shoes.

41
Q

(F3 Lees and Robinson, 2015) In what way should friction force be directed?

A

Should be directed perpendicular to the current direction of motion.

42
Q

A force (F) applied to a body causes an acceleration (a) of that body which has a…

A

…magnitude proportional to the force applied, and takes place in the direction in which the force acts.

43
Q

(F5 Lees and Robinson, 2015) How must the striking implement move when hitting a moving ball or object? At impact, what will the direction of the striking implement be like?

A

Must move in a direction that takes into account the motion of the moving object.
Direction will be different from where the object goes.

44
Q

(F5 Lees and Robinson, 2015) The force (F) applied by the striking implement to the object, causes an acceleration (a) of that object, which has a…

A

…magnitude proportional to the force applied, and takes place in the direction in which the force acts.

45
Q

Divergence?

A

Paths/lines going in different directions.

46
Q

(F5 Lees and Robinson, 2015) What is the divergence between the direction of the applied force and the direction of resulting motion related to?

A

The mass and speed of the two objects.

47
Q

(F5 Lees and Robinson, 2015) Mass + Speed?

A

= Momentum.

48
Q

(F5 Lees and Robinson, 2015) What 2 things do you need to consider prior to impact when using a force to cause an acceleration?

A
  1. ) The velocity of the object prior to impact.

2. ) The mass of the object prior to impact.

49
Q

Force formula?

A

Mass x Acceleration = Force

50
Q

What is acceleration? Acceleration formula?

A
  • The rate of change in velocity.

- Force / Mass = Acceleration.

51
Q

(F5 Lees and Robinson, 2015) The higher the mass when striking an object…

A

…the lower the acceleration.

52
Q

Average acceleration formula?

A

Change in Velocity / Time.

53
Q

What is acceleration a result of?

A

Net force.

54
Q

Net force?

A

The vector sum of forces acting on a particle or body.

55
Q

(C2 Lees and Robinson, 2015) A coordinated sequence of rotational movements are required to achieve…

A

…a high end point speed.

56
Q

(C2 Lees and Robinson, 2015) How is the speed of the end point in most throwing/striking/kicking skills built up?

A

Sequentially.

The speed of rotation of the earlier segment is built upon by the next segment to build up the speed of the end point.

57
Q

(C3 Lees and Robinson, 2015) For a linked body segment chain that includes several major points of the body, what is used?

A

Simultaneous joint movements are used when producing forceful actions for this.

58
Q

(C3 Lees and Robinson, 2015) What do forceful/powerful movements require? Example?

A

Muscles about joints to act synchronously e.g. jumping for height - hip and knee muscles act simultaneously to generate high force.

59
Q

(C2/C3 Lees and Robinson, 2015) Which Burkett principle relates to these principles?

A

3rd principle.

60
Q

(P2 Lees and Robinson, 2015) What is the outcome of the performance of many skills determined by?

A

Speed and accuracy.

61
Q

(P2 Lees and Robinson, 2015) As the demands for accuracy increases…
- Example?

A

…the speed of movement decreases.

- Penalty kick in football.

62
Q

(P2 Lees and Robinson, 2015) Which Burkett principle relates to this principle?

A

4th.

63
Q

(P1 Lees and Robinson, 2015) What is a projectile?

A

An object moving through the air under influence of gravity.

64
Q

(P1 Lees and Robinson, 2015) Outcomes of a projectile motion? Which on is most often the outcome?

A
  • Range (most often).
  • Height reached.
  • Flight time.
65
Q

(P1 Lees and Robinson, 2015) Mechanical factors that determine projectile motion? Which is most important?

A
  • Height.
  • Angle.
  • Speed of release (most important).
66
Q

(P1 Lees and Robinson, 2015) What specific effects can be important when considering flight and projectile motion?

A

Air resistance effects.

67
Q

(P1 Lees and Robinson, 2015) When neglecting air resistance, the centre of gravity of a projected body follows a…

A

…parabolic flight path.

68
Q

Parabolic flight path?

A

Upside down ‘U’ shape.

69
Q

Centre of gravity/mass?

A

The mid point of the body, where all the mass of the body is balanced/equally distributed in all directions.
The point through which the force of gravity acts.

70
Q

The centre of gravity changes as…

A

…the parts of the body change their position.

71
Q

Where does the centre of gravity not necessarily lie?

A

Within the body.

72
Q

Horizontal displacement?

A

The distance a projectile has moved between its point of release and its point of landing, measured as a straight line parallel to the ground.

73
Q

Horizontal displacement of a projectile is known as the…

A

…range.

74
Q

(F6 Lees and Robinson, 2015) What characteristics of an object make it more stable? Example?

A
  • Wide base.
  • Low centre of mass/gravity.
  • E.g. wrestling starting stance.
75
Q

(F6 Lees and Robinson, 2015) Which Burkett principle applies to this?

A

1st.

76
Q

(F6 Lees and Robinson, 2015) Why, in many skills, is the aim NOT to maximise stability?

A

The athlete must be able to move quickly and in an instant.

77
Q

Eccentric forces?

A

Forces which do not act through the centre of gravity of the body.

78
Q

What is required to produce rotation?

A

Eccentric forces.

79
Q

Line of action?

A

The line along which forces can act.

Sport & Exercise Science (33 decks)

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