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1st Year > PSYCH 104 Midterm 2 (The eyes and conciousness) > Flashcards

PSYCH 104 Midterm 2 (The eyes and conciousness) Flashcards

1
Q

Visible light: What wavelengths can we see?

A

Visible light:
- Electromagnetic radiation between 400 and 700 nanometers

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2
Q

Hue:

A

Hue:
- The colour of light

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3
Q

The cornea

A
  • The cornea
    ○ Part of the eye containing transparent cells that focus light on the retina
    § Myopia (nearsightedness)
    □ The cornea is too long causing the focus of light to be Infront of the retina
    § Hyperopia (farsightedness)
    □ Cornea is too flat causing the focus of light to occur behind the retina
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4
Q

The lens

A
  • The lens
    ○ Part of the eye that changes curvature to keep images in focus
    ○ Contains transparent cells
    ○ Accommodation:
    § Changing the shape of the lens to focus on objects near or far
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5
Q

The retina

A
  • The retina
    Membrane at the back of the eye responsible for converging light into neural activity
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6
Q

Rods

A

○ Rods
§ Photoreceptor cells in the retina allowing us to see in low levels of light
□ Dark adaptation: time in dark before rods regain maximum light sensitivity

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7
Q

Cones

A

○ Cones
§ Photoreceptor cells in the retina allowing us to see in colour
§ More rods than cones

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8
Q

Photopigments

A

○ Photopigments
§ Protein molecules within the rods and cones whose chemical reactions when absorbing light result in nerve impulses being generated

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9
Q

Optic nerve

A

○ Optic nerve
§ Nerve (technically a bundle of ganglion cells) that travels from the retina to the brain

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10
Q

Peripheral vision and nighttime

A

Peripheral vision and nighttime
- We have more rods that align with our peripheral vision
- Therefore we can see in the dark better with our peripheral vision than our central eye

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11
Q

The eyeballs -> to the brain (what happens?)

A

The eyeballs -> to the brain
- On its way to the brain the sensory nerves cross over from right to left and left to right

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12
Q

The blind spot

A

The blind spot
- Part of the visual field we cant see because of an absence of rods and cones

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13
Q

Hubel and Wiesel (What did they do?)

A

○ Hubel and Wiesel
§ Records electrical activity of V1 area of visual cortex in cats
§ Discovered feature detector cells:
□ Cells that detect lines and edges
At later levels of visual processing (like V2) cells begin to detect more complex shapes and movements

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14
Q

The principles of gestalt psychology (What are they?)

A
  • The principles of gestalt psychology
    ○ A Germán school of psychology that emphasizes the natural organization of perceptual elements into wholes, or patterns
    ○ “gestalt” = “whole”
    ○ Psychology should be focused on how the “whole” is created from its basic parts
    ○ Main figures in perception
    § Max Wertheheimer
    § Wolfgang Kohler
    § Kurt Koffka
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15
Q

The principles of gestalt psychology
○ Proximity

A
  • The principles of gestalt psychology
    ○ Proximity:
    § Objects physically close to each other tend to be precieved as unidentified wholes
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16
Q

The principles of gestalt psychology
○ Similarity

A
  • The principles of gestalt psychology
    ○ Similarity:
    Similar objects will be seen as being grouped together or related
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17
Q

The principles of gestalt psychology
- Continuity

A
  • Continuity:
    ○ We precieve lines as continuous movement while discounting abrupt changes
    Also called “good continuation”
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18
Q

The principles of gestalt psychology
- Closure

A
  • Closure:
    ○ The tendancy to view incomplete figures or forms as complete objects
19
Q

The principles of gestalt psychology -
Symmetry

A
  • Symmetry:
    ○ Symmetrically arranged objects are perceived as wholes
20
Q

The principles of gestalt psychology -
Figure-ground segregation

A
  • Figure-ground segregation
    ○ The tendancy to separate elements of a image into a foreground (figure) and its background (ground)
21
Q
  • Trichromatic theory:
A
  • Trichromatic theory:
    ○ Idea that colour vision is based on our sensitivity to the three primary colours
    ○ Fits with later findings that three types of cone cells are present that respond maximally at different wavelengths
    § Short
    § Medium
    § Long
    ○ Relies on additive colour mixing
    ○ Cant account for afterimages
22
Q

Opponent process theory

A
  • Opponent process theory:
    ○ Theory that we perceive colours in terms of three pairs of opponent colours
    § Red or green
    § Blue or black
    Black or white
23
Q

Dual-process theory

A
  • Dual-process theory:
    ○ The modern colour version theory that posits that cones are sensitive to red, green, and blue as well as opponent processes at the level of ganglion cells
24
Q

Colour blindness

A

Colour blindness
- Inability to see some or all colours
- Usually due to genetic abnormalities that cause the absense/reduction in a specific cone type
○ Monochromats - only have one type of cone (very rare however)
○ Dichromats - have two types of cone
- Brain damage to cortical areas responsible for vision can also produce colour blindness

25
Q
  • Depth perception
A
  • Depth perception
    ○ The ability to judge distance and three dimensional relations
    § Monocular cues:
    □ Stimuli that enable us to judge depth using only one eye
    § Binocular cues:
    □ Stimuli that enable us to judge depth using both eyes
26
Q

Monocular cues
- Relative size:

A

Monocular cues
- Relative size:
○ All things being equal, more distant objects look smaller than closer objects

27
Q

Monocular cues - Texture gradient

A
  • Texture gradient
    ○ The texture of objects becomes less apparent as they are farther away
28
Q

Monocular cues - Interposition

A
  • Interposition
    ○ Close objects block the view of distant objects
29
Q

Monocular cues - Linear perspective

A
  • Linear perspective
    ○ The outlines of objects converge as distance increases
30
Q

Monocular cues - Height in plane

A
  • Height in plane
    ○ Here distant objects tend to appear higher and nearer objects appear lower
31
Q

Monocular cues - Light and shadow

A
  • Light and shadow
    ○ The casting of shadows vives objects a 3-D form
32
Q

Monocular cues - Motion parallax

A
  • Motion parallax
    ○ When objects loving across a field of view appear to move more the closer they are to an observer
33
Q

Binocular cues - Binocular disparity

A

Binocular cues
- Binocular disparity
○ Depth information is obtained by comparing the difference in image location of the left and right eyes

34
Q

Binocular cues - Binocular convergence

A
  • Binocular convergence
    ○ The degree to which your eyes converge inward gives provides information to estimate distance
35
Q

Blindness (vision loss)

A

Blindness (vision loss)
- The inability to see due to problems with the eye and its related structures
- Vision is less than or equal to 20/200 (20/20 is considered normal vision)
- Rely more on other senses (touch, hearing, etc.)
- Visual cortex’s function changes due to neural plasticity

36
Q

Motion blindness (Cerebral Akinetopsia)

A
  • Motion blindness (Cerebral Akinetopsia)
    ○ Neurological disorder in which a person is not able to perceive motion
    ○ Often caused by
    § Brain damage
    § Alzheimer’s disease
37
Q
  • Visual agnosia
A
  • Visual agnosia
    ○ A failiure to recognize visually presented objects
    § Not due to impairments in memory or intelligence
    ○ Often due to damage to peripheral regions of occipital cortex near the parietal and temporal lobes
38
Q
  • Visual agnosia (What are the 4 types?)
A

○ Different types
§ Prosopagnosia: failiure to recognize faces
§ Anosognosia: cant recognize illness
§ Finger agnosia: cant recognize fingers
§ Topographical disorientation: cant recognize places

39
Q
  • Blindsight
A
  • Blindsight
    ○ The ability of individuals with blindness to detect and respond to visual stimuli despite lacking awareness of having seen anything
    ○ Often the result of damage to V1 area of visual cortex
40
Q

Conciousness (What is it?)

A
  • Conciousness:
    ○ The moment to moment subjective experience of the world, bodies and mental sensations
    § Subjective
    § Dynamic
    § Self-reflective
    ○ Interdisciplinary:
    § Physics, philosophy, psychology, neuroscience, computer sciences
    ○ How is it measured?
    § Self-reports
    § Physiological measures
    § Behavioral measures
41
Q

Cognitive psychology
- The analogy

A

Cognitive psychology
- The analogy
○ Humans are “information processors” the “mind” is the computers software and the brain is the computers hardware
§ Caveat: this is an oversimplification and not all cognitive psychologists agree with this interpretation

42
Q
  • Controlled (effortful) processing:
A
  • Controlled (effortful) processing:
    ○ Mental processing that requires some degree of volitional control and attentiveness
    § Voluntary use
    § Slow but flexible
43
Q
  • Automatic processing:
A
  • Automatic processing:
    ○ Mental activities that occur automatically and require no or minimal conscious control or awareness
    § Minimal conscious processing
    § Fast but static
44
Q

Divided attention:

A

Divided attention:
- The ability to perform more than one activity at the same time
○ Difficult if tasks require similar cognitive resources
§ Example: like listening to music and studying for an exam

1st Year (37 decks)

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