KIN 103 Midterm (Lecture 8) Flashcards

1
Q

Immunity (Definition)

A

IMMUNITY: the body’s ability to protect itself from:
▫ Itself.
▫ Bacteria, Viruses, & other Disease-causing
entities.

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2
Q

The Immune System three main functions

A

1) Recognize and Remove abnormal cells.
2) Remove dead and damaged cells.
3) Protects the body from disease-causing
invaders. (pathogens)

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3
Q

Autoimmune diseases cause?

A

INCORRECT RESPONSE
▫ Cannot distinguish SELF vs. NON-SELF.
▫ .e.g. Type I Diabetes.

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4
Q

Allergies cause?

A

OVERACTIVE RESPONSE.
▫ Response out of proportion with the threat of pathogen.
▫ e.g. Bee sting.

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5
Q

Inherited or acquired disease cause?

A

LACK OF RESPONSE.
▫ Some component(s) of the immune system fail to
function.
▫ e.g. HIV then AIDS

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6
Q

Pathogens

A

Pathogens: the invaders that can cause sickness
- Can be protozoal and fungi
- Can be multicellular

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7
Q

Bacteria

A
  • Cells usually have a cell wall
  • Most can survive and reproduce outside a host
  • Most can be killed or inhibited by antibiotics
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8
Q

Viruses

A
  • Not cells nucleic acid core with protein coat
  • Parasitic. Must have a host cell to reproduce
  • Cannot be killed with antibiotics some can be inhibited with antiviral drugs
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9
Q

Barriers (What are the two primary ones?)

A

Barriers:
▫ Physical – skin & mucous membranes.
▫ Chemical – glandular secretions & stomach acid.

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10
Q

Lymphoid tissues (What are they?)

A
  • Lymphoid Tissues
    ▫ Primary: Thymus & Bone Marrow.
    ▫ Secondary:
     Spleen & Lymph Nodes (encapsulated).
     Tonsils & GALT (unencapsulated or diffuse).
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11
Q

Immune cells (What are they?)

A
  • Immune cells
    ○ White blood cells (WBCs) or leukocytes
    § 1L of blood contains 5 trillion RBCs and 7 billion WBCs
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12
Q

Granulocytes (What are they?)

A

Granulocytes
▫ Granules in cytoplasm.
▫ Basophils, Eosinophils, Neutrophils

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13
Q

Phagocytes (What are they?)

A

Phagocytes
▫ Engulf & ingest their target cells by
phagocytosis.
▫ Neutrophils, Macrophages, Monocytes,
Dendritic Cells

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14
Q

Cytotoxic Cells

A

Cytotoxic Cells
▫ Kill target cells.
▫ Eosinophils and some Lymphocytes.

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15
Q

Antigen Presenting Cells (APCs)

A

Antigen Presenting Cells (APCs)
▫ Present fragments of foreign proteins on
their surface.
▫ Marcophages, Monocytes, Dendritic
cells, B Lymphocytes

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16
Q

What are the most abundant type of WBC?

A

Neutrophils

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17
Q

Innate Immunity (What is it?)

A

Innate Immunity
▫ Nonspecific immune response.
▫ e.g. Inflammation.

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18
Q

Acquired (Adaptive) Immunity

A

Acquired (Adaptive) Immunity
▫ Specific immune response.
 Cell-Mediated: Immune cell binds to
target.
 Antibody-mediated: Antibodies are
secreted and combine to target cells.

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19
Q

4 Basic steps of the immune response (What are they?)

A

The 4 basic steps:
1) DETECT and IDENTIFY the foreign
substance.
2) COMMUNICATE with other immune
cells.
3) RECRUIT assistance and coordination
of the response.
4) DESTROY or SUPPRESS the invader.

20
Q

NK cells (What are they?)

A

Natural Killer (NK) Cells
* Recognize virus-infected cells and induce
them to commit suicide (apoptosis) before
they can replicate.
* NK cells also attack some tumor cells.
* These cells secrete antiviral cytokines
(interferons) that interfere with viral replication
and activate other immune cells.

21
Q

The Inflammatory Response (What are the 3 main purposes?)

A

1) Attracts immune cells and chemical
mediators to the site.
2) Create a physical barrier to slow the
spread of infection.
3) Promote tissue repair once infection is
controlled.

22
Q

The Inflammatory Response (What is it initiated by?)

A

The Inflammatory Response
* This response is initiated when
macrophages release cytokines,
which:
▫ Attract other immune cells.
▫ Increase capillary permeability.
▫ Cause fever.

23
Q

Innate immune response (What do interleukins do?)

A

Interleukins
▫Leukocyte-secreted cytokines that act
on other leukocytes.
▫Several types, multiple effects.

24
Q

Innate immune response (What do Complement proteins do?)

A

Complement proteins
▫Can act as opsonins, chemotaxis, and
membrane attack complex.

25
Q

Innate immune response (What does Bradykinin do?)

A
  • Bradykinin
    ▫Stimulates pain receptors & vasodilator.
26
Q

Innate immune response (What do Acute phase proteins do?)

A

Acute phase proteins
- Act as opsonins that coat pathogens and enhance the inflammatory response.

27
Q

Innate immune response (What does histamine do?)

A

Histamine acts as a:
▫Vasodilator – hot, red, swollen
infection/wound site.
▫Bronchoconstrictor – congestion, stuffy nose.

28
Q

What is the high risk level for CVD?

A

High Risk Levels for CVD:
hsCRP level above 3mg/L

29
Q

What is the acquired immune response mediated by?

A
  • Mediated primarily by lymphocytes.
30
Q

Passive Immunity (What is it?)

A

Passive Immunity
▫ Acquired antibodies made by another
person or animal.

31
Q

Lymphocytes (What do they do?)

A

Lymphocytes
* Primary cells involved in acquired immune response.
* Each lymphocyte has membrane receptors that binds only one specific ligand.
▫ All lymphocytes that are specific for a
ligand form a group known as a clone.
* Clones with identical receptor react to a
specific pathogen.

32
Q

What activates clonal expansion?

A

Exposure to an antigen activates the clone and stimulates clonal expansion

33
Q

In immune response what are effector cells?

A

▫ Effector cells – immediate response, short lived

34
Q

In immune response what are memory cells?

A

Memory cells – long lived = quicker and more rapid response to subsequent antigen exposure.

35
Q

B Lymphocytes (B cells) (What are they?)

A

B Lymphocytes (B cells)
▫ Develop in bone marrow.
▫ Antibody Immunity defending against
extracellular pathogens.
▫ Mature B cells insert antibody molecules
into their cell membranes.
 Antibodies become surface receptors
marking the members of each clone.

36
Q

Antibodies (What are they?)

A

Antibodies
▫ Most antibodies are found in the blood.
▫ Antibodies make antigens more visible to the immune system.
▫ Antibodies (Ab) are also called
immunoglobulins (Ig) or gamma globulins

37
Q

Antibody functions (What are the 5?)

A
  1. Activate B lymphocytes
  2. Act as opsonins to tag antigens for phagocytosis
  3. Activate antibody dependent cellular activity
  4. Activate compliment proteins
  5. Trigger mast cell degranulation
38
Q

What is the Fab region?

A

It is where antigens bind

39
Q

Vaccinations (What do they do?)

A

Vaccinations
* Contain a pathogen that is not harmful to
individual but will be recognized as foreign by the immune system.
* Initiates formation of memory cells with
specific antibody to particular pathogen
antigen.
* Should induce a stronger and more rapid
secondary immune response upon infection

40
Q

T Lymphocytes (T cells) (What are they?)

A

T Lymphocytes (T cells)
▫ Develop in Thymus gland.
▫ Cell-mediated immunity defending against intracellular pathogens.
▫Insert T-cell receptors into their cell
membranes.
▫ T cells bind to cells that display foreign antigen fragments as a part of major
histocompatibility complex (MHC).

41
Q

T Lymphocytes (T cells) (What are the 3 subtypes?)

A

T Lymphocytes (T cells)
▫Subtypes:
 Cytotoxic T Cells (TC) – induce apoptosis.
 Helper T Cells (TH) – secrete cytokines.
 Natural Killer (NK) Cells – similar to TC
.

42
Q

Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC)

A

Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC)
- basically when your body rejects an organ
* Named when found to be major cause of rejecting organ or tissue transplant.
* A family of membrane proteins, MHC proteins are on the cell membrane of all nucleated cells in the body.
* MHC proteins combine with antigen fragments (MHC-antigen complex) and then insert into the cell membrane and are visible on the extracellular surface.

43
Q

MHC class I (Where are they found?)

A

MHC class I ▫ Found on all nucleated
human cells.
▫ Recognized by Cytotoxic T cells
- kills infected cell

44
Q

MHC class II (Where are they found?)

A

MHC class II ▫ Found primarily on antigen
- presenting cells (APCs; macrophages, B
lymphocytes, and dendritic cells).
▫ Recognized by Helper T cells
– secretes cytokines

45
Q

What is the relation between stress and exercise?

A
  • it has been shown that too much exercise is not beneficial to our health but too minimal can be harmful too, moderation is ideal for the best health levels.