KIN 100 Final (Lecture 14 - 16) Flashcards
Why do we have two circuits and 4 chambers in the heart?
- In order to maintain blood pressure
- so oxygenated blood doesnt mix with deoxygenated
- the two circuits are systemic and pulmonary
The heart (facts)
- Anterior to mediastinum
- 2/3rds on the left side
- 4 borders
The pericardium
- sack that surrounds the heart
Epicardium
- on the outside of the heart
myocardium
- contractile muscles of the heart
- cardiac muscle tissue
Endocardium
- the inside of the heart
- simple squamous epithelium
Intercalated disk (What is it?)
- makes conduction occur faster
How does the conducting system of the heart flow?
- SA node
- Internodal pathways
- AV node
- AV bundles
- Bundle branches
- Purkinje Fibers
Arteries of the head
brachiocephalic trunk
subclavian common carotid
vertebral internal and external carotid
Arteries of the brain
- Basilar
- internal carotid
- vertebral
- cerebral atrial circle
Veins of the head
internal jugular external jugular
sigmoid sinus
right transverse sinus
superior sagittal sinus
Internal inspiration (consists of?)
- oxygen utilization
- energy production by cells
- gas exchange between blood and tissues
External inspiration (consists of?)
- gas exchange between blood and air
- acts of breathing
5 Requirements for respiration to occur
- Surface for gas exchange
- selectively permiable membrane for diffusion
- moist membrane for diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide
- Extensive capillary network
- effective ventilation
The upper respitory system consists of?
- nose
- pharynx
The lower respitory system consists of?
- Larynx
- Trachea
- Bronchial tree
- Pulmonary alveoli
- Lungs
Nasal Conche (what do they do?)
- Increase turbulence
- increase humidity
- increase time in nose to increase temperature
The pharynx (3 parts)
- Nasopharynx
- Oropharynx
- Laryngopharynx
The larynx (functions)
- Connects laryngopharynx with trachea
- prevents food from entering trachea
- produces sound
- framework for 9 cartilages
- 3 large paired
- 6 small unpaired
Epiglottis (what does it do?)
- Controls where food goes
Laryngeal prominence (what is it?)
- its known as our Adams apple
Vocal cords (what are they?)
- vocal folds: true vocal cords
- vestibular folds: support vocal cords
Trachea (what is it?)
- Connects larynx to principal bronchi
- 16-20 hyaline cartilages
- can be constricted by trachealis muscle
Lobar bronchi (secondary)
- 2 left
- 3 right
Segmental bronchi (tertiary)
- 9 left
- 10 right
Bronchioles (features)
- Thick smooth muscle walls
- Terminal and respitory bronchioles
Cells of Alveoli
- Simple stratified epithelium
- type 1 cell: produces surfactant
- type 2 cell: surrounded by surfactant
Mediastinal surface
- contains hilum for vessels, nerve and bronchi
The pleural cavities (functions)
- reduce friction
- aid in inspiration
3 levels of pleural cavities (what are they)
- parietal pleura
- pleural cavity
- visceral pleura
4 Layers of digestive tract
- Mucosa (innermost)
- submucosa
- muscularis externa
- visceral peritoneum (outermost)
What nerve innervates the digestive system?
- the Myenteric plexus
Peristalsis (what is it)
- circular squeezes then long pulls it forwards
Segmentation (what is it?)
- the circular muscle crushes and breaks up food
The oral cavity (Functions)
- innate digestion of carbs
- poison testing
- mechanical processing
- Lubrication
3 Salivary glands (what are they?)
- Parotid gland: largest, 25%
- Subinguinal gland: below tongue, 5%
- Submandibular gland: 70%
Pharynx muscles (Palatal muscles)
- Moves the soft palate
Pharynx muscles (Laryngeal elevators)
- Elevate larynx
Pharynx muscles (Pharyngeal constrictors)
- Move food into esophagus
Swallowing (3 steps)
- Buccal phase (only voluntary phase)
- moves food into neck - Pharyngeal phase
- into esophagus - Esophageal phase
- food into stomach
Esophagus (features)
- folds important to the passage of food
(allow for bigger swallows) - Stratified squamous epithelium
Stomach 4 regions (what are they?)
- Fundus: superior region
- Cardia: just after esophagus
- Body: main part
- Pylorus: inferior region before exit
The small intestine (Duodenum)
- First part of small intestine
- Neutralizes acidity of stomach
The small intestine (Jejunum)
- Second passage of intestine
- Where most absorbtion takes place
The small intestine (Ileum)
- final passage
- longest
- moves food to large intestine
The small intestine (Plicae)
- Folds in small intestine
Villi (what epithelium are they?)
- Simple columnar epithelium
The large intestine (functions)
- Reobsorbtion of water
- Absorbtion of vitamins
- Storage
Liver and gallbladder (functions)
- Metabolic regulation
- Hematological regulation
- Production and secretion of bile
Liver and gallbladder (4 lobes)
- left
- right
- caudate (superior)
- quadrate (inferior)
The urinary system (Functions)
- Regulate pH
- Regulate plasma concentration
- Regulate blood volume and pressure
- Eliminate organic waste and toxins
- Synthesize calcitriol (calcium regulator)
- Assist in liver detoxification
Parts of the kidney
- Renal pyramid (pyramid shape) 6-18
- Renal lobe (cortex and pyramid both)
- Minor calyx
- Major calyx
Parts of a nephron
- renal corpuscle
- proximal convoluted tubule
- distal convoluted tubule
- cortical nephron (in the cortex)
- juxtamedullary nephron (in medulla)
Order of flow in kidney (What is it?)
- minor calyx
- major calyx
- renal pelvis
- ureter
- bladder
What are the little divets in the bladder?
- they are called rugae
