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1st Year > KIN 100 Final (Lecture 14 - 16) > Flashcards

KIN 100 Final (Lecture 14 - 16) Flashcards

1
Q

Why do we have two circuits and 4 chambers in the heart?

A
  • In order to maintain blood pressure
  • so oxygenated blood doesnt mix with deoxygenated
  • the two circuits are systemic and pulmonary
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2
Q

The heart (facts)

A
  • Anterior to mediastinum
  • 2/3rds on the left side
  • 4 borders
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3
Q

The pericardium

A
  • sack that surrounds the heart
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4
Q

Epicardium

A
  • on the outside of the heart
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5
Q

myocardium

A
  • contractile muscles of the heart
  • cardiac muscle tissue
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6
Q

Endocardium

A
  • the inside of the heart
  • simple squamous epithelium
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7
Q

Intercalated disk (What is it?)

A
  • makes conduction occur faster
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8
Q

How does the conducting system of the heart flow?

A
  1. SA node
  2. Internodal pathways
  3. AV node
  4. AV bundles
  5. Bundle branches
  6. Purkinje Fibers
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9
Q

Arteries of the head

A

brachiocephalic trunk
subclavian common carotid
vertebral internal and external carotid

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10
Q

Arteries of the brain

A
  • Basilar
  • internal carotid
  • vertebral
  • cerebral atrial circle
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11
Q

Veins of the head

A

internal jugular external jugular
sigmoid sinus
right transverse sinus
superior sagittal sinus

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12
Q

Internal inspiration (consists of?)

A
  • oxygen utilization
  • energy production by cells
  • gas exchange between blood and tissues
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13
Q

External inspiration (consists of?)

A
  • gas exchange between blood and air
  • acts of breathing
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14
Q

5 Requirements for respiration to occur

A
  1. Surface for gas exchange
  2. selectively permiable membrane for diffusion
  3. moist membrane for diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide
  4. Extensive capillary network
  5. effective ventilation
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15
Q

The upper respitory system consists of?

A
  • nose
  • pharynx
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16
Q

The lower respitory system consists of?

A
  • Larynx
  • Trachea
  • Bronchial tree
  • Pulmonary alveoli
  • Lungs
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17
Q

Nasal Conche (what do they do?)

A
  • Increase turbulence
  • increase humidity
  • increase time in nose to increase temperature
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18
Q

The pharynx (3 parts)

A
  • Nasopharynx
  • Oropharynx
  • Laryngopharynx
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19
Q

The larynx (functions)

A
  • Connects laryngopharynx with trachea
  • prevents food from entering trachea
  • produces sound
  • framework for 9 cartilages
    - 3 large paired
    - 6 small unpaired
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20
Q

Epiglottis (what does it do?)

A
  • Controls where food goes
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21
Q

Laryngeal prominence (what is it?)

A
  • its known as our Adams apple
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22
Q

Vocal cords (what are they?)

A
  • vocal folds: true vocal cords
  • vestibular folds: support vocal cords
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23
Q

Trachea (what is it?)

A
  • Connects larynx to principal bronchi
  • 16-20 hyaline cartilages
  • can be constricted by trachealis muscle
24
Q

Lobar bronchi (secondary)

A
  • 2 left
  • 3 right
25
Q

Segmental bronchi (tertiary)

A
  • 9 left
  • 10 right
26
Q

Bronchioles (features)

A
  • Thick smooth muscle walls
  • Terminal and respitory bronchioles
27
Q

Cells of Alveoli

A
  • Simple stratified epithelium
    - type 1 cell: produces surfactant
    - type 2 cell: surrounded by surfactant
28
Q

Mediastinal surface

A
  • contains hilum for vessels, nerve and bronchi
29
Q

The pleural cavities (functions)

A
  • reduce friction
  • aid in inspiration
30
Q

3 levels of pleural cavities (what are they)

A
  1. parietal pleura
  2. pleural cavity
  3. visceral pleura
31
Q

4 Layers of digestive tract

A
  1. Mucosa (innermost)
  2. submucosa
  3. muscularis externa
  4. visceral peritoneum (outermost)
32
Q

What nerve innervates the digestive system?

A
  • the Myenteric plexus
33
Q

Peristalsis (what is it)

A
  • circular squeezes then long pulls it forwards
34
Q

Segmentation (what is it?)

A
  • the circular muscle crushes and breaks up food
35
Q

The oral cavity (Functions)

A
  • innate digestion of carbs
  • poison testing
  • mechanical processing
  • Lubrication
36
Q

3 Salivary glands (what are they?)

A
  • Parotid gland: largest, 25%
  • Subinguinal gland: below tongue, 5%
  • Submandibular gland: 70%
37
Q

Pharynx muscles (Palatal muscles)

A
  • Moves the soft palate
38
Q

Pharynx muscles (Laryngeal elevators)

A
  • Elevate larynx
39
Q

Pharynx muscles (Pharyngeal constrictors)

A
  • Move food into esophagus
40
Q

Swallowing (3 steps)

A
  1. Buccal phase (only voluntary phase)
    - moves food into neck
  2. Pharyngeal phase
    - into esophagus
  3. Esophageal phase
    - food into stomach
41
Q

Esophagus (features)

A
  • folds important to the passage of food
    (allow for bigger swallows)
  • Stratified squamous epithelium
42
Q

Stomach 4 regions (what are they?)

A
  • Fundus: superior region
  • Cardia: just after esophagus
  • Body: main part
  • Pylorus: inferior region before exit
43
Q

The small intestine (Duodenum)

A
  • First part of small intestine
  • Neutralizes acidity of stomach
44
Q

The small intestine (Jejunum)

A
  • Second passage of intestine
  • Where most absorbtion takes place
45
Q

The small intestine (Ileum)

A
  • final passage
  • longest
  • moves food to large intestine
46
Q

The small intestine (Plicae)

A
  • Folds in small intestine
47
Q

Villi (what epithelium are they?)

A
  • Simple columnar epithelium
48
Q

The large intestine (functions)

A
  • Reobsorbtion of water
  • Absorbtion of vitamins
  • Storage
49
Q

Liver and gallbladder (functions)

A
  • Metabolic regulation
  • Hematological regulation
  • Production and secretion of bile
50
Q

Liver and gallbladder (4 lobes)

A
  • left
  • right
  • caudate (superior)
  • quadrate (inferior)
51
Q

The urinary system (Functions)

A
  • Regulate pH
  • Regulate plasma concentration
  • Regulate blood volume and pressure
  • Eliminate organic waste and toxins
  • Synthesize calcitriol (calcium regulator)
  • Assist in liver detoxification
52
Q

Parts of the kidney

A
  • Renal pyramid (pyramid shape) 6-18
  • Renal lobe (cortex and pyramid both)
  • Minor calyx
  • Major calyx
53
Q

Parts of a nephron

A
  • renal corpuscle
  • proximal convoluted tubule
  • distal convoluted tubule
  • cortical nephron (in the cortex)
  • juxtamedullary nephron (in medulla)
54
Q

Order of flow in kidney (What is it?)

A
  1. minor calyx
  2. major calyx
  3. renal pelvis
  4. ureter
  5. bladder
55
Q

What are the little divets in the bladder?

A
  • they are called rugae

1st Year (37 decks)

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