KIN 100 Final (lecture 10)

Question 1

Axial skeleton (purposes)

Answer 1

• Supportive and protective framework
• Contain special senses
• Has muscles that
• Maintain and adjust posture
• Assist in respiration
• Move the appendicular skeleton

Question 2

The Vertebral column (How many of each are there)

Answer 2

Adult vertebral column:
* 24 vertebra
* 1 sacrum
* 1 coccyx

Question 3

Do taller people have more vertebra?

Answer 3

No, they only have thicker ones but the same number

Question 4

How many curves does the adult spine have?

Answer 4

4 curves are present
- Cervical: Convex
- Thoracic: Concave
- Lumbar: Convex
- Sacral: Concave

Question 5

Are all 4 curves of the spine present in infants?

Answer 5

No,
* Cervical curve: Forms when the baby starts holding his/her head
* Lumbar curve: Develops when the child starts to walk

Question 6

Abnormal curvatures of the back (What are the three?)

Answer 6

Lordosis: bent back (like having a child)
Kyphosis: hunchback (ogre)
Scoliosis: S shape
- can be corrected with metal rods

Question 7

Intervertebral disks (what are they composed of?)

Answer 7

Nucleus pulposus: inside of disk
Annulus Fibrosis: Outside cartilage
End plate: contact patch between body of vertebra and disk

Question 8

Cervical vertebra (key features)

Answer 8

• Smallest
• Most superior
• Bifid process (C2-C6)
• Transverse foramina
• oval shaped body

Question 9

Atlas (C1) (features)

Answer 9

• No body
• Two arches
• Superior articular facet articulates with occipital condyles
• enables yes motion

Question 10

Axis (C2) (features)

Answer 10

• Dens
• Dens articulates with articular facet of C1
  * “No” motion
• Bulky spinous process
• Bifid inferiorly

Question 11

C7 (features)

Answer 11

• Resembles thoracic vertebra
• Long, slender spinous process
• Ligamentum nuchae

Question 12

Ligamentum nuchae (OIA)

Answer 12

Or: nuchal line

In: C7

Question 13

Thoracic vertebra (features)

Answer 13

• Heart shaped body
• Long and slender spinous process points
  posterocaudally
• Transverse process points dorsolaterally
• Facets for articulations with ribs
• Increases in size from T1-T12

Question 14

Lumbar vertebra

Answer 14

• Thick and oval body
• Small triangular vertebral foramen
• Transverse process points laterally
• Flattened and stumpy spinous process

Question 15

Mobility of the spine (Cervical)

Answer 15

High:
- flexion
- extension
- rotation

Question 16

Mobility of the spine (Thoracic)

Answer 16

High:
- lateral flexion

Question 17

Mobility of the spine (Lumbar)

Answer 17

High: nothing
low:
- lateral flexion
- rotation

Question 18

Sacrum and coccyx

Answer 18

Sacrum: 5 fused vertebra
coccyx: 3-5 fused vertebra

Question 19

The Rib Cage (How many bones of each)

Answer 19

• 12 pairs of ribs
• 7 true
• 5 false
  (10-12 are floating ribs)

Question 20

Costal groove (purpose)

Answer 20

• To protect intercostal nerves and blood vessels

Question 21

4 ligaments of the spine (what are they?)

Answer 21

• Posterior longitudinal ligament
• Anterior longitudinal ligament
• Supraspinous ligament (tip of spinous process)
• Ligamentum flavum (by intervertebral foramen

Question 22

Herniated disks (what are they?)

Answer 22

They occur when the nucleus pulposus exits the disk
- this usually happens posteriorly
- puts pressure on spinal cord

Question 23

When we inhale what happens to our ribs?

Answer 23

Inhale: up and out
Exhale: down and in