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1st Year > KIN 102 Final > Flashcards

KIN 102 Final Flashcards

1
Q

Sports psychology

A

Sports psychology: the study of the psychological factors that come into play

factors: motivation, group dynamics

two main objectives:
1. how these factors impact performance
2. Find ways to be able to manipulate these factors

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2
Q

Exercise psychology

A

Exercise psychology: the psychological aspects of engaging in physical activity

Main objective: to help those indulge in exercise

Areas of interest: mood and self esteem with exercise

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3
Q

Sport psychology consulting

A

Sport psychology consulting: a position which seeks to consult with other members of a team to advise on matters like team dynamics, player motivation and other psychological factors that influence a teams performance

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4
Q

What are the two types of research?

A

Quantitative
- Draws from numbers
- Trying to establish causal relationships between two or more variables
- Test the strength and significance
Qualitative
- Makes use of words and is descriptive
- Trying to understand how individuals make sense of the world around them

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5
Q

Ways to collect data for research.

A

Different strategies for collecting data and conducting research
- Interviews
- Questionaries
- Observations
- Physiological measures
- Content analysis

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6
Q

Psychophysiological

A

Psychophysiological:
- Look at how different physiological factors affect our abilities

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7
Q

Social psychological

A

Social psychological: a psychological approach that believes that behaviors are the result of an interaction between a personal and environmental factors

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8
Q

Cognitive-behavioral

A

Cognitive-behavioral: psychological approach that believes behaviors stem from ones internal thoughts and beliefs

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9
Q

Two types of motivation

A

Intrinsic motivation: what comes from within.
- Stronger
- Less likely to leave
Extrinsic motivation: what comes from the outside like rewards.

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10
Q

Theories to understand motivation: Social cognitive theory

A

Social cognitive theory: this theory views behavior’s as being personal environmental and environmental factors
- Most prominent theories of motivation
- Created by Alfred bandura
- He conducted studies to see if children would behave the same as adult counterparts upon observation.
- Studies conducted in the 60s

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11
Q

Theories to understand motivation: Achievement goal theory

A

Achievement goal theory: individuals tend to create their own goals based on task or ego orientations
- These will subsequently influence motivation

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12
Q

Theories to understand motivation:
Attribution theory

A

Attribution theory: focuses on methods individuals to explain success and failures
- Most researchers have concluded that attributions are important as they can influence feelings of success and failure
- This can shape future motivation and expectations of success

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13
Q

What are success and failiures 3 main categories?

A

Success and failure can be noted to three main categories
- Whether the issue causing both success and failiure is permanent
- Whether the issue is internal or external
- Whether the issue is under a persons control

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14
Q

5 tips for increasing motivation

A
  1. Recognizing that both situations and personality charactaristics can influence motivation
    1. Remember people have multiple different reasons why
    2. Sometimes people can change their environment and increase motivation
    3. Remembering that leaders can play a large role in motivation of an individual
    4. Setting goals so individuals can see what they are working towards.
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15
Q

Psychological skill development

A

PSDs: this involves the systematic use of mental or psychological skills
Used to either
- enhance performance
- Increase enjoyment
- Achieve greater satisfaction

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16
Q

Mental toughness

A

Mental toughness is: being motivated while dealing with pressure and keeping concentration and keeping focus
- Motivated
- Dealing with pressure
- Concentrate
- Maintain focus

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17
Q

Cohesive team unit

A

Cohesive team unit
- Works to bring people together
- Having good communication promotes cohesive team units
- Being able to listen
- Communicating using non verbal communication

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18
Q

Group role

A

Group role: some sort of expected behaviors in a role in a group
- Having individuals who can adapt to roles is important.
○ You can have negative group roles or people who bring a team down
○ You can also have positive (task and maintenance roles)

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19
Q

Group norm

A

Group norm: level of performance, behavior patterns and belief system held by a group.
- Those who are underperforming will often bring in a sports psychologist from the existing norm to a new one

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20
Q

What are the 4 stages to group formation?

A

What are the 4 stages to group formation?
- forming
- storming
- norming
- performing

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21
Q

Cohesion

A

Cohesion: total field of forces that act on members to remain in a group.

Two main types of cohesion:
- Task: the degree to which individuals work together for a common goal
○ More related to performance
- Social: reflects the interpersonal interaction between group members
○ How well they get along and like one another

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22
Q

Holistic movement practices

A

Holistic movement practices: go beyond normal exercise as they improve mental and spiritual too

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23
Q

Verger et al (psychology reading)

A

Verger et al (psychology reading)
- essentially a call to action that there needs to be more studies conducted in order to find how and who can be more affected by holistic movement practices as not enough is known and this is a new field of study

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24
Q

Motor behavior

A

Motor behavior: Any type of activity that uses muscle movement

Control, acquisition of skills, how they change over a lifespan

Interested in: How humans learn skills, how we control, how it can be lost, how it can be remembered

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25
Q

Fitts law

A

Fitts law: Movement speed is related to accuracy

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26
Q

What does physical or occupational therapy do?

A

May help:
- individuals who are injured in some way to recover lost movement
- Ways to compensate for loss of movement
- Individuals acquire new movements

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27
Q

Motor performance

A

Motor performance: Observable actions that humans make when performing a task

It includes the conscious decision making that humans make as well as the unconscious movements humans make

Two ways humans control movement
- Physiological
- Psychological

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28
Q

Motor development (longest one)

A

Motor development: takes months and years
- The study of change of performance over time including growth and development factors as well as practice.

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29
Q

Motor control (mid longest)

A

Motor control: days and weeks
- The study of motor performance at a given point in time

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30
Q

Motor learning (shortest)

A

Motor learning: seconds
- Learning or the acquisition of skills over time with practice

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31
Q

3 major researchers in motor performance

A

Sherrington: study of the nervous system - focused on studying the physiological studies
Woodworth: the behavioral aspects of motor control - movement of accuracy

Thorndike: more in terms of learning in general in the motor context

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32
Q

What was most often used to display nature vs nurture?

A

Twins were often used to show the difference in nature versus nurture

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33
Q

Henry Franklin

A

Henry franklin: essentially the founder of kinesiology
Why?:
- They wanted to figure out how the individuals coming into the army could best be positioned.
- They applied principals of motor learning to recruit individuals

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34
Q

What did kinesiologists think in the 1970s?

A

Most people in the field thought people work like computers and how the brain and CNS controlled our movements.

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35
Q

Nikolai Bernstein (dynamic pattern perspective)

A

Nikolai he was a neurophysiologist who challenged the role of the CNS as the dominant control of the motor system

His work was known as the dynamic pattern perspective

He worked with mathematics and physics to prove his work

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36
Q

What are the two main perspectives of Motor behavior?

A

Two main perspectives
- Outside in: looks at the movement then the mechanism
- Inside out: looks at the mechanism then the movement

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37
Q

Neurophysiology

A

Neurophysiology: looks at patients who have damage to their CNS and look at injuries specific to the nervous system
- This is often done by comparisons between those injured and those not

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38
Q

Fisher & Ferkel (motor development reading)

A

Reading discovered:
- Blocked is best for novice learners
- Best for those at an intermediate or expert level
- Having a practice activity that correlates to the game
- Manipulating: force, time, skill required
- The challenge needs to match the optimal level of engagement and

39
Q

Feedback

A

Feedback: any sort of sensory information related to movement
Intrinsic: derives from the movement itself (the performance is rewarding to the individual itself) needs an instructor especially if the individual isn’t great at connecting with how the body feels
- Once they understand how to receive the queues that it feels right they can perform it correctly instantly
Extrinsic: feedback that comes from external forces (coaches, teachers, instructors) the quality of the feedback is important to the learning of the student
- Can be instant if done correctly by the instructor

40
Q

Skill assessment:

A

Skill assessment: something that allows the individual to track progress.

41
Q

Pedagogy

A

Pedagogy: essentially is the art and science of the profession of teaching

42
Q

Sport pedagogy

A

Sport pedagogy: sport and teaching that encompasses physical activity

43
Q

Physical activity

A

Physical activity: any bodily movement that requires the use of energy by the individual

44
Q

Physical education

A

Physical education: a planned sequential program of instruction that helps students develop the knowledge, skill and confidence needed to adopt and maintain a physically active lifestyle

45
Q

What are the 4 essential components of a high quality physical education program?

A

Four essential components of a high quality physical education program:
- The opportunity to learn
- The content must be relevant and meaningful
- Appropriate instruction
- Student and program assessment

46
Q

3 Sport and Pedagogy domains?

A

Sport and exercise pedagogy domains (although all are essential psychomotor is the most dominant)
- Psychomotor
- Cognitive
- Affective

47
Q

Curriculum

A

Curriculum: what will be taught (often dance, sport games, non-traditional games)

48
Q

Instruction

A

Instruction: how the curriculum will be delivered (can be based on different models and teaching strategies)

49
Q

Philosophical orientations

A

There have been amny models since the 1900s although the most modern model is

Ecological approach: increases students moderate to vigorous levels of physical activity (MVPA) with the ultimate goal of contributing to a healthy lifestyle

Model: health optimizing physical education

49
Q

Philosophical orientations

A

There have been amny models since the 1900s although the most modern model is

Ecological approach: increases students moderate to vigorous levels of physical activity (MVPA) with the ultimate goal of contributing to a healthy lifestyle

Model: health optimizing physical education

50
Q

Adapted physical activity

A

Adapted physical activity: those who aid teachers in developing and administering programs

51
Q

4 Major goals of Pedagogy

A

Thinking about human movement: 4 major topics
1. Providing an opportunity to learn:
a. Every child needs to have the ability to learn
b. Comes down to the teachers ability to teach
c. Having the equipment to learn
d. Class size can effect opportunity to learn
e. Having qualified physical specialists
2. Meaningful content
a. Curriculum has general and specific outcomes (specific are grade specific)
3. Appropriate instruction:
a. When we are instructing everyone is engaged
b. Everyone regardless of capability are able to participate
c. Creating learning environments that are
d. Thinking about how lessons are designed
e. Physical activity should never be assigned as punishment
4. Student and program assessment
a. Have different modes of delivering tests

52
Q

What are the three essential teaching behaviors?

A

Three essential teaching behaviors
- Teacher movement
○ Should be watching and loving within the space
- Feedback given
○ Having an idea of what is appropriate
- Minimizing instructional and waiting time

53
Q

5 different types of feedback

A

Different types of feedback: (has the potential to greatly influence learning)
- Positive
○ Recognise that the learner is doing well
- Corrective
○ Correcting the students faults
- General
○ Feedback that can be given to entire class
- Specific
○ Based on individual observation
- Non-verbal
○ Thumbs up

54
Q

Managerial time

A

Managerial time:
- Time when students are involved in tasks not related to the lesson objectives such as time taking toll and getting into groups

55
Q

Descriptive research

A

Descriptive research: uses description, classification, measurement and comparison to describe a population or phenomenon
○ Disruptive behaviors in physical education classes (purposely being disruptive in order to be removed from and not having to take part in PE class)

56
Q

Observational research

A

Observational research: a technique used to observe and record behaviors that occur in a participants natural setting
○ Observing things such as the relationships between teachers and students
○ They often give numerical data

57
Q

Experimental research

A

Experimental research:
- Using experiments to find out things
○ Moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA):
§ When one is working hard enough to raise heart rate and break a sweat
○ Academic learning time-physical education (ALT-PE)
§ Time durring class students spend actively engaged
○ Games based approach:
§ Approach to learning which allows students to discover what to do through a game

58
Q

Action research

A

Action research: teachers act as the researchers because they are trying to improve ways of instruction
○ This allows teachers to evaluate what they want
○ If done properly it allows the teacher to make a change to how they work
- Identify
- Plan
- Collect
- Analyze
- Revise

59
Q

G. Nyberg (Pedagogy)

A

G. Nyberg (Pedagogy)
- essentially explored the ways in which people learn new skills (juggling, dance, unicycling) and made the analogy that people learn like exploring a landscape in that everyone takes a different path to get there and some aspects fascinate others more than their peers. Everyone approaches learning differently

60
Q

Inclusive physical activity

A

Inclusive physical activity is a philosophy that embraces the belief that everyone has equal opportunity to participate

This philosophy recognizes:
- The value of participant choice is key
- The importance of recognizing the practitioners part in making a learning and meaningful experience
- Different people have

61
Q

Disability

A

Disability: an umbrella term that encompasses impairments, activity limitations

People with disabilities
- Important to recognize that two people experience disability differently
- Some disabilities are not visible

62
Q

Impairment

A

Impairment: a problem in body function or structure
- Loss of a limb
- Memory loss

63
Q

Activity limitation

A

Activity limitation: difficulty encountered by an individual when in an activity
- Hard hearing
- Walking
- Problem solving

64
Q

Participation restriction

A

Participation restriction: problem experienced by an individual over a wider scope of everyday life

65
Q

4 Models of disability (104 models)

A

Medical: negative and categorized

Social minority: better than medical but still focuses on disability and segregating

Social construction: disability is what society makes it

International class of functioning, disability and health: looks at the interaction of the person and the outside world

66
Q

Inclusive model of physical activity (IMAPA)

A

Inclusive model of physical activity (IMAPA):
- Ability based and multi focused approach
- Person centered and contextually situated
- Labels are removed, individuals are valued, respected, and given equality
- Focuses on personal development and achievement

67
Q

Capability shifting

A

Capability shifting:
- Shifting the focus from disability to ability

68
Q

Corrective physical education

A

Corrective physical education:
- An early name of APA that came from the medical root of physical education designed mostly for world war II veterans with amputation or spinal cord injury

69
Q

Adapted physical education (APE)

A

Adapted physical education (APE): physical education that has been adapted and or modified so it is appropriate for children and youth with disabilities
- They focus on things like defining and developing fine motor skills
- Fitness in exercise training
- Aquatics

70
Q

Understanding disability: Administrative and epidemiological approach

A

Administrative and epidemiological approach:
- Professional development
- Participation
- Barriers
- Policies and procedures
- Cost effectiveness
- Awareness and perception
- Incidence and prevalence

71
Q

Understanding disability: Biomechanical approach

A

Biomechanical approach:
- Three dimensional motion analysis
- An accelerometer
- A force place

72
Q

Understanding disability: Pedological approach

A

Pedological approach:
- Instruction
- Teacher preparation
- Inclusion
- Peer-tutoring
- Teaching effectiveness
- Active learning time
- Behavior management
- Feedback

73
Q

Understanding disability: Physiological approach

A

Physiological approach:
- Pulmonary gas exchange
- Body composition
- Muscular strength
- Electrical activity of muscles

74
Q

Understanding disability: Psychological approach

A

Psychological approach
- Motivation
- Perceived competency
- Depression
- Quality of life
- Attitude
- Self efficacy

75
Q

Understanding disability: Sociocultural approach

A

Sociocultural approach:
- Intersection of ability with gender, race, ethnicity, age
- Power and power relations
- Coaching
- Sport

76
Q

Sociology

A

Sociology: the study of sport as a social phenomenon
- Encompasses physical education

77
Q

What does it mean to study sport from a sociological perspective?

A

Sport is more than physical
- It is emotional and shaped by social and cultural practices
Sociocultural conditions include:
- Power operation
○ Who has access to power
§ Typically it was reserved for men
- Context
How the setting influences us

78
Q

Culture

A

Culture: dominant and common language, ways of life, roles and expectations that govern our everyday interactions

79
Q

Social structures

A

Social structures:
- Patterned relationships among members of society

80
Q

Ideology

A

Ideology: a widely shared belief that is woven into the fabric of society over time

Ideologies related to:
- Gender
- Class
- Age
- Sexuality
- Neoliberalism

81
Q

What do sports sociologists do?

A

Sports sociologists understand sport as socially constructed behavior because:
- Invented and reinvented
- Potential to change over time and relearn values and beliefs
- Change as a result of time

82
Q

Sociological imagination (1961)

A

Sociological imagination (1961): a practice developed in the early 60s that explains that an individual is connected to a larger social issue

83
Q

Comparing sport sociology to sport psychology

A

A sport psychologist:
- Ask how Usain bolt is able to do all the things he does

A sport sociologist: the individual isn’t absent
- The approach to studying things such as body size
○ Sociologists want to understand how it happens why it happens due to society
- They are interested in the conditions of the individual (the society they are placed in)
- They would never train Usain bolt to run faster
○ How was it he was able to be successful based off of societal impacts

84
Q

Structural theories

A

Structural theories:
- Attempt to explain broad societal systems and pose questions about how the systems work to meet the needs of societal members or not

85
Q

Cultural theories

A

Cultural theories: attempt to try and understand certain roots of where culture came from

86
Q

Intersectionality

A

Intersectionality: the complex idea that it is more than just race gender and other factors but it is all interconnected (things like discrimination can severely affect and be intertwined in sociology)

87
Q

What are the two different conceptualizations of power?

A

Two different conceptualizations of power:
- Hegemony (critical theory)
○ Ideology based
- Disciplinary power (Foucauldian)
○ Internalized, invested in the body

88
Q

Antonio Gramsci

A

Antonio Gramsci
- Power as ideological
Hegemony: they tend to be a small majority that can force belief on the majority (think like how Hitler did it)
- Usually the majority contrasts to and embraces these beliefs

89
Q

Hegemonic masculinity

A

Hegemonic masculinity:
- Is a product of idealizing what masculinity should be and sidelining other ways of being masculine

90
Q

What did Michel Foucault believe?

A

Michel Foucault believed that everyone has power but not everyone has the same amount
Power is always productive = positive or negative

91
Q

Disciplinary power

A

Disciplinary power:
- Analyze how power operates on the body to produce subjected bodies or docile bodies

92
Q

Neoliberalism ideology

A

Neoliberalism ideology: the individuals have choice
- Health is understood as the absence of illness

93
Q

Dallaire (Sociology reading)

A

Dallaire (Sociology reading)
- essentially took a group of Canadian men and women and examined why they choose to participate in physical exercise and what sociological factors might be at play whether it is social pressure or ideals or whether it is simply by the will of the individual or because of fears of living an unhealthy lifestyle.

1st Year (37 decks)

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