KIN 101 Final (14 & 16) Flashcards
What is blood made up of?
Blood:
- Plasma is the extracellular matrix
- Fluid matrix of blood
○ Water (92%)
○ Protiens (7%) (usually help transport)
○ Remaining 1%
§ Ions (Na+, K+, Cl+, H+, Ca2+, HCO3-)
§ Organic molecules
§ Gases (O2 and CO2)
§ Trace elements
§ Vitamins
- Identical in composition to interstitial fluid but has plasma protiens
○ Albumins, globulins, fibrinogen, transferrin
Plasma (functions and what manages it?)
Plasma:
- Functions:
○ Transport materials
○ Solvent for cellular elements
- Management:
○ Primarily by the kidneys
Involves the absorption and excretion of water
What are the 4 major components of blood? (Albumins)
- Albumins: major contributors to plasma colloid osmotic pressure: carriers for various substances
- Albumins are the most prevalent PRO, interestingly they transport free fatty acids
What are the 4 major components of blood? (Globulins)
- Globulins: Clotting factors, enzymes, antibodies, carriers for various substances
What are the 4 major components of blood? (Fibrinogen)
- Fibrinogen: forms fibrin threads (essential for blood clotting)
What are the 4 major components of blood? (Transferrin)
- Transferrin: ion transportation
Plasma protiens (what do they do?)
Plasma protiens
- Act as carriers
- Participate in blood clotting
- Defense against foreign invaders
- Create colloid osmotic pressure
Blood (what three cells are within?)
Blood is composed of
- Red blood cells (RBCs) - also called Erythrocytes (make up most of the cellular elements)
- Platelets - split off from megakaryocytes
○ (how it clots but they are not living)
○ (they are not cells)
- White blood cells (WBCs) - also called leukocytes
1. Lymphocytes (immunocytes)
2. Monocytes - develop into macrophages (phagocytes)
3. Neutrophils (most common) - phagocytes and granulocytes
4. Eosinophils - granulocytes, eosinophils can be phagocytic however the present evidence is all from vitro studies
5. Basophils - granulocytes: tissue basophils are called mast cells
White blood cells (WCBs) (What are phagocytes?)
White blood cells (WCBs)
- Phagocytes
○ Lymphocytes: produce specific immune responses directed against invaders
○ Monocytes: phagocytes: after migrating into tissues they develop into macrophages
- (Both Granulocytes and Phagocytes)
○ Neutrophils: mobile phagocytes that ingest foreign substances and pathogens
White blood cells (WCBs) (what are granulocytes?)
White blood cells (WCBs)
- (Both Granulocytes and Phagocytes)
○ Neutrophils: mobile phagocytes that ingest foreign substances and pathogens
- Granulocytes
○ Eosinophils: produce toxic compounds directed against invading pathogens
○ Basophils: tissue basophils are also called mast cells
Measuring blood composition (CBC)
Complete blood count (CBC): provides information about plasma volume, white blood cells, and packed red blood cell volume
What does a CBC include?
- Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV): the average volume of one red blood cell. (a corpuscle is a small unattached cell - diminutive of corpus, body)
- Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin (MCH): amount of hemoglobin per RBC
- Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration (MCH C): the amount of hemoglobin per volume of one red blood cell
What are normal blood count ranges?
Hematocrit: amount of red blood cells
males: 40-54% females: 37-47%
Hemoglobin: Oxygen carrying capacity
males: 14-17 females: 12-16
Anemia
Anemia: occurs when you do not have red blood cells OR when your red blood cells do not function properly
(it is diagnoses when a blood pressure test shows a hemoglobin value of less than 13.5 gm/dl in a man OR less than 12.0 gm/dl in a woman)
Blood cell production (where are blood cells produced?)
Blood cell production:
- Blood cells are produced in the bone marrow
○ Hematopoiesis: Production of blood cells
○ Red bone marrow is red because it contains Hemoglobin; Active
§ 25% RBCs, 75% WBCs
○ Yellow bone marrow contains adipose cells; Inactive
- Hematopoiesis is controlled by Cytokines
○ Interleukins (lls)
Cytokines (what are they?)
Cytokines: are peptides or protiens released from one cell that affect the growth or activity of another cell
- (involved in the production of red blood cells)
Platelets (what are they made from?)
Megakaryocytes disperse into fragments and these are platelets
What is red blood cell production regulated by?
Blood cell production is regulated by
- Colony stimulating factors (regulate leukopoiesis)
○ CSFs
○ Leukopoiesis: production of white blood cells
- Thrombopoietin (regulates platelet production)
○ TPO
- Erythropoietin (regulates red blood cell production)
○ EPO
○ Erythropoiesis: production of red blood cells
Red blood cell (characteristics)
Red blood cells
- Are usually a biconcave disc
- Mature red blood cells lack a nucleus
○ Morphology can provide clues to the presence of disease
○ Mean corpuscular volume (MCV): size of red blood cells
- Hematocrit: Ratio of red blood cells to plasma, expressed as a percentage
Bone marrow (Characteristics)
Bone marrow:
- Is a tissue
- Collectively makes up the same size and weight as the liver does
- Highly vascular tissue
- Filled with blood sinuses
- Widened regions are lined with epithelium
- Consists of red blood cells in different stages of development
Red blood cell production (how is it regulated?)
Regulation of Erythropoiesis (Red blood cell production)
- Controlled by Erythropoietin (EPO)
- Stimulus for EPO release is low )2 levels in the tissue (hypoxia)
- Hypoxia stimulates Hypoxia-inducible Factor 1 (HIF-1)
- This turns on the EPO gene to increase EPO synthesis in the kidneys
- Increases RBC production in the bone marrow
How long can a red blood cell live for?
When the nucleus disappears it makes the cell unable to divide and survive for more than 120 days
- It loses this so it can fit through the capillaries
- White blood cells also come out of the marrow
What is Heme?
- Heme is a porphyrin ring with an iron atom in its center
○ Iron comes from diet
○ Transported in the blood by transferrin
○ Iron taken up in bone marrow
○ Excess iron stored in liver by ferritin
Platelets (how long do they last for?)
Megakaryocytes are much smaller compared to RBCs
- Platelets last 10 days
- They are important in stopping blood loss, immunity and inflammation
How does blood clotting occur?
- When collagen is exposed the platelets get the signal that they need to go there
- To actually plug the hole it follows the intrinsic pathway which activates the coagulation cascade
- This causes more aggregation at the puncture
- The fibrin fibers become part of the clot and reinforces existing aggregate of platelets (this begins with thrombin)
What two mechanisms lead to blood clotting?
There are two mechanisms that lead to a blood clot
- Extrinsic (begins with the tissue factor being exposed)
- Intrinsic (begins with collagen exposed)
Endogenous anticoagulants (what are they?)
Endogenous anticoagulants: they essentially act the opposite to collagens and make the blood unable to clot
- Heparin is an anticoagulant (it can interrupt the blood clotting process)
- Antithrombin lll
- Protien C
Arteries (where do they carry blood?)
Arteries: carry oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to the tissues