KIN 101 Final (15 & 17) Flashcards
Blood Vessels (3 types and charactaristics)
Arteries:
- act as a pressure reservoir
- Thick muscle layers of vascular smooth muscles
- Lots of elastic and fibrous connective tissue
Arterioles
- Site of variable resistance
- Part of the microcirculation
- Less elastic and more muscular
Metarterioles
- Branches of arterioles
- Partial smooth muscle layer
- Precapillary sphincters open and close to direct blood flow to capilaries or venous circulation
How much blood is in the male and female body?
Males have 5L of blood in the body
Females have 4L of blood in the body
At rest it takes about 1 minute to circulate the entire body capacity of blood
Angiogenesis (what is it?)
Angiogenesis is development of new blood vessels
- Necessary for normal development
- Enhances heart and skeletal muscle blood flow
Venules/Veins (what are each of them?)
Venules
- Receive blood from capilaries
- Thin exchange
- Little connective tissue
- Convergent pattern of flow
Veins take blood back to the heart
- They are one way
- They are more numerous
- Lie closer to the body surface
What three factors affect resistance of a blood vessel?
- Viscosity of the blood
- Radius of the tube
- Length of the tube
Mean arterial pressure (what is it determined by?)
- Blood volume
- Effectiveness of the heart as a pump
- Resistance of system to bloodflow
- Relative distribution of blood between venous and arterial blood vessels
Flow Equation
Q = ^P / R
- P is pressure
- R is resistance
- Q is flow
Sheer stress (what does it mean?)
- It is a term we use to describe the resistance of the blood
What is MAP measured by?
- It is measured as the pressure of blood against the walls of the vessel
- MAP = Cardiac output x Resistance
Diastolic and Systolic
Diastolic: the lowest pressure measured during contraction
Systolic: the highest pressure measured during contraction
How can we measure MAP?
MAP = Diastolic + (1/3)pulse pressure
- (Pulse pressure is the difference between systolic and diastolic pressures)
Cardiac output (Q) formula
Q = Heart rate x stroke volume
Stroke volume (SV) equation
SV = end diastolic volume - end systolic volume
Hyperemia
Hyperemia: is increased blood flow
- can be anything such as exercise
Myogenic autoregulation (What is it?)
Myogenic autoregulation (a fuse in the system)
- Contracts to resist stretching
Alpha 1 receptors
- Alpha ones
○ Sympathetic tone
○ It words off the beat of norepinephrine (more makes smaller, less makes bigger)
Beta 1 receptors
Beta 1 receptors
- Respond equally to epinephrine and norepinephrine
Beta 2 receptors
Beta 2 receptors work with arterioles that work with muscle
- They are sympathetic
- (the effects of stimulation produce opposite outcomes in beta2 and alpha1 receptors)
- are more sensitive to epinephrine
What happens to cerebral bloodflow when we exercise?
- It stays relatively constant as we need it to survive.
The respiratory system functions
The respiratory system
- Flow takes place from regions of higher pressure to lower pressure
- A muscular pump creates pressure gradients
- Resistance to airflow is influenced primarily by the diamiter of the tubes through which air is flowing
What influences airway resistance?
What influences airway resistance?
- Airway diamiter
○ Wider airways have less resistance
○ R = Ln/r^4
- Bronchoconstriction
○ Increases resistance
○ Parasympathetic
- Bronchodilation
○ Decreases resistance
○ Sympathetic
§ Beta2 receptors on smooth muscles relax in response to epinepherine
What are the two divisions of the respiratory system?
There are two divisions to the respiratory system
- Upper respiratory system
○ Pharynx
○ Vocal cords
○ Esophagus
○ Larynx
○ Trachea
○ Tongue
○ Nasal cavity
- Lower respiratory system
○ Right lung and bronchus
○ Left lung and bronchus (HAS SPACE FOR THE HEART TOO)
○ Diaphragm
The thoracic cavity (what is within it?)
The thoracic cavity (lungs within)
- Pleural sacs enclose the lungs
- (heart is in the center)
- Esophagus connects the two lungs
- Left pleural cavity
- Right pleural cavity
What happens to our muscles when we breathe?
When we breathe the muscles of the neck abdomen and thorax create force to move air through us while breathing
The pleural sac (what is it?)
The pleural sac (fluid filled)
- Like a fluid filled balloon around our lungs
- It has a very small volume of fluid