Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

1st Year > KIN 103 (Chp: 10 - Senses) > Flashcards

KIN 103 (Chp: 10 - Senses) Flashcards

1
Q

Smell - olfaction (what is it?)

A

Smell - olfaction
- Strong link between smell, memory, and emotion
- Olfactory sensory neurons
○ In the olfactory epithelium in the nasal cavity
○ Primary sensory neurons are in the nasal cavity
Odorants bind to odorant receptors, G-protein-cAMP-linked membrane receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Olfactory sensory neurons (What are they?)

A

Olfactory sensory neurons in the olfactory epithelium in nasal cavity are the receptors and the primary sensory neurons for smell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Olfactory pathway (What does it consist of?)

A
  1. Olfactory neurons in epithelium
  2. Cranial nerve I
  3. Olfactory bulb
  4. Olfactory cortex
  5. cereberal cortex and limbic system
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the two unique features of the olfactory pathway?

A

Two unique things about the olfactory pathway
- They do not cross over
- They do not go through the thalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Where do the olfactory epithelium synapse?

A

with the olfactory bulb just above the cribriform plate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How long do Olfactory cells live for?

A

They only last for about 2 months before they are replaced

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How did covid impact olfactory cells?

A

in covid 19 the supporting cells get infected causing the loss of smell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Taste buds and Transduction

A

Taste: four types
- Sour (with H+ ions)
- Salty (with Na+ ions)
- Sweet (nutritious foods)
- Bitter (toxic)
- Umami (protein)
- (Umami: Japanese for delicious, enhances flavor)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What ion is used in all taste cells?

A

Calcium is used in all taste cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What taste senses use ATP?

A
  • Sweet, umami, bitter: uses ATP
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is taste a product of?

A

WHEN WE TASTE THINGS IT IS A COMBINATION OF EVERYTHING THAT COMES TOGETHER

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Synesthesia

A

Seeing sounds, tasting words

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the ears two functions?

A

The ear is a sense organ that is specialized for two functions: hearing and equilibrium.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is hearing?

A

Hearing is our perception of the activation of receptors in our cochlea by the energy carried by sound waves.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is sound?

A

Sound is the brains interpretation of the frequency, amplitude and duration of sound waves.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Frequency

A

Frequency (Wavelength) = pitch
- Low frequency - low pitch
- Human range: 20-20,000Hz

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Amplitude

A

Amplitude = intensity
- High amplitude = loud sound
- Measured in decibels
○ 10dB increase = 10x increase
○ Normal conversation = 60 dB
○ Rock concert 120+ dB

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Hearing (steps 1-3)

A
  1. Sound waves strike the tympanic membrane and become vibrations
    1. The sound wave energy is transferred to the three bones of the middle ear, which vibrate.
      1. The staples is attached to the membrane of the oval window. Vibrations of the oval window create fluid waves within the cochlea
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Hearing (steps 4-6)

A
  1. Fluid waves push on the flexible membranes of the cochlear duct. Hair cells bend and ion channels open, creating electrical signals that alters neurotransmitter release
    1. Neurotransmitter release into sensory neurons create action potentials that trave through the cochlear nerve to the brain
    2. Energy from the waves transfers across the cochlear duct into the tympanic duct and is dissipated back into the middle ear at the round window
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

cochlear duct

A

The center of the membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Basilar membrane

A

The outside that is filled with little hairs
- Most flexible at the distal end
○ Can sense low frequency
- More stiff at the proximal end
○ Can sense high frequency
The higher the pitch the shorter
it travels down the basal
membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Organ of Corti

A

The middle layer in the ear

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Stereocilia (what is it?)

A

The top of the hair cells are modified into Stereocilia of different heights

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

How is sound produced in the hair cells?

A

Rhythmic blending of the stereocilia by sound waves causes action potentials to be produced

  • bending to short side = inhibition
  • bending to long side = excitation
  • no bending occuring = action potentials fired but no sound occurs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Loudness (how is it represented in hearing?)

A

Loudness = related to the frequency of action potentials

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Ear neuron pathways

A

Primary sensory neurons project to medulla oblongata in the brainstem

Main pathway synapses in nuclei in midbrain and thalamus then projects to auditory cortex

27
Q

Hearing loss (3 types) (Conductive)

A

Conductive: no transmission through either external or middle ear (ear wax )

28
Q

Hearing loss (3 types) (Central)

A

Central: damage to neural pathway between ear and cerebral cortex or damage to cortex itself (uncommon, stroke)

29
Q

Hearing loss (3 types) (Sensorineural)

A

Sensorineural: damage to structures of inner ear
(most common, old age, damage to hair cells, loud noises)

30
Q

Cochlear implants (how do they work?)

A

they are inserted into the basilar membrane and stimulate the action potentials

31
Q

Vestibular apparatus (What is it?)

A

Vestibular apparatus: provides information about movement and position in space

32
Q

Semicircular canals (posterior canal)

A

○ Tilt of head (left to right)

33
Q

Semicircular canals (superior canal)

A

○ Tilt of head (forward and back)

34
Q

Semicircular canals (horizontal canal)

A

○ Rotation of head (left to right)

35
Q

The Christa (what is it?)

A

The Christa: sensory receptor for semicircular canals, located in the ampulla (enlarged chamber, “bottle”)

36
Q

What occurs within the semicircular canals?

A

The semicircular canals sense rotational acceleration
- When the head turns one way it pushes the endolymph the opposite way

37
Q

Otolith organs (what are they?)

A

Otolith organs (utricle and saccule)
- Sensory receptor is the macule (a gel above the hairs)
- They are crystals that move in response to gravitational forces

38
Q

Galvanic vestibular stimulation

A

Galvanic vestibular stimulation: activates the nerves from the vestibular system and initiates movements through involuntary postural reflexes

39
Q

Vision

A

Vision is the process through which light reflected from objects is translated into a mental image.

40
Q

Three steps

A

Three steps
- Light enters the eye and is focused on by the retina
- Photoreceptors in the retina transduce light energy into electrical signals
- Electrical signals are processed into visual images along pathways in the brain

41
Q

Parts of the eye

A

Zonules: attach lens to ciliary muscle
Sclera: is connective tissue
Fovea: region of sharpest vision
Macula: the center of the field of vision

42
Q

Neural pathway for vision (5 parts)

A
  1. optic nerve
  2. optic chiasm (crossover of nerves)
  3. optic tract
  4. thalamus
  5. occipital lobe
43
Q

Pupillary reflex (what is it?)

A

Pupillary reflex: standard part of neurological examination
- light hitting retina of one eye activates photoreceptors and constricts pupils of both eyes via reflex through the midbrain (consensual reflex)

44
Q

What control papillary constriction?

A

cranial nerve three

45
Q

Concave and convex (what is the difference)

A

Concave lens: spreads light

Convex lens: converges light

46
Q

How does the eye adjust for close and far objects?

A

The closer an object is the less parallel the light rays are

47
Q

Accommodation

A

Accommodation is the process by which the eye adjusts the shape of the lens to keep objects in focus

48
Q

Presbyopia

A

As we age the lens stiffens and we lose accommodation (presbyopia), making it difficult to focus on near objects requiring reading glasses (>40 yrs).

49
Q

How do the ciliary muscles work?

A
  • when they relax they flatten the lens
  • when they contract they round the lens
50
Q

Hyperopia

A

Difficulty seeing near objects (cornea too flat)
- focal point falls behind the retina

51
Q

Myopia

A

Difficulty seeing far objects
(cornea too curved)
- focal point falls before the retina

52
Q

Astigmatism

A

Astigmatism: abnormal shaped lens results in distorted images.

53
Q

Rods and cones (what is the difference?)

A

Rods = non colour vision
Cone = colour vision

54
Q

When an image comes into our eye what happens to it?

A

It is upside down from how it should be when it passes through the lens

55
Q

Rhodopsin (what is it?)

A

Rhodopsin is the visual pigment for rods
- Converts light energy into a change in membrane potential
- Combination of opsin and retinal

56
Q

How many pigments do cones have?

A

Cones have 3 pigments sensitive to different wavelengths (red, green, blue)

57
Q

Phototransduction in rods (step 1-3)

A
  1. in darkness rhodopsin is inactive and ion channels are open, there is tonic release of neurotransmitters
  2. light energy activates rhodopsin and opsin and retinal unbind, second messanger process closes ion channels and hyperpolarizes membrane. This causes less neurotransmitter release and a graded potential dependent on intensity of light
  3. after this opsin and retinal recombine and end stimulation
58
Q

Visual fields (how are they combined?)

A

Rod -> bipolar cell -> ganglion cells

59
Q

Ganglion cell receptive fields (on-center, off-surround)

A

the ganglion is:
- excited by light in the center of the field
- inhibited by light in the outside of the field

60
Q

Ganglion cell receptive fields (off-center, on-surround)

A

The ganglion is
- Excited by light in the outside of the field
- inhibited by light on the inside of the field

61
Q

What does the retina use for distinction

A
  • The retina uses contrast for distinction instead of absolute light intensity
62
Q

How do we distinguish what is 3D and what is 2D

A
  • objects in the visual field in which the two eyes overlap (binocular zone) are seen in 3D
  • objects in the visual field of only one eye are only seen in 2D
63
Q

How are the neurons in the thalamus and visual cortex organized?

A
  • the organization of neurons in the thalamus and visual cortex are arranged in a topographic map which corresponds to the visual fields of the eye

1st Year (37 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions