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Parasitology > Protozoa - coccidia related > Flashcards

Protozoa - coccidia related Flashcards

1
Q

Blood protozoa

A

Babesia

Theileria

Plamodium

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2
Q

Common hosts of Babesia

A

Dogs, cattle, small ruminants, horses, pigs, cats

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3
Q

IH of Babesia

A

Tick

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4
Q

Babesia lifecycle features

A

Infect host erythrocytes -> form trophozoites which divide by schizogony and become merozoites -> cell rupture -> infect new cells

transmission is theough ticks. When the parasite is within the tick they migrate through it and then undergo sporogony. They can undergo trans-ovarian transmission and infect tick eggs.

  • eventually hundreds of sporozoitesare formed within the salivary cells and are injected into a new mammal host.
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5
Q

Causes of Babesiosis in dogs in Aus

A

B. vogeli

B. gibsoni

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6
Q

Features of B. vogeli

transmission

Pathogenesis

A
  • transmitted by brown dog tick
  • > pyrexia, icterus, splenomegaly, haemoglobinuria

pups 3-4 months and naive adults

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7
Q

Features of B. gibsoni

Transmission

Path

A

Haemaphysalis longicornis

  • pyrexia, icterus, splenomegaly, haemoglobinuria

Direct transmission (fighting) and vertical (dam to pup)

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8
Q

Causes of Babesiosis in cattle

A

B. bovie

B. bigemina

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9
Q

Babesiosis in cattle other name?

A

Tick / Red Water Fever

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10
Q

Vector of cattle Babesia

A

Rhipicephalus australis

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11
Q

Pathogenesis of babesiosis in cattle

A

Subclinical

  • weight loss, decreased milk production
  • poor calving rates, loss of bull fertility

Acute:

  • fever, abortion, Ill-thrift, pale mm, jaundice, haemoglobulinuria, agression / neurological signs, coagulopathy, death
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12
Q

Host resistance

A
  • good protective immunity in persistant infections

Bos indicus is more resistant than Bos taurus

young cattle more resistant

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13
Q

Diagnosis of Babesiosis

A

History (season / geography)

  • blood smears
  • detection of intraerythrocytic stages
  • Serology
  • PCR
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14
Q

Babesiosis treatment

A

Supportive care - blood transfusion ,iron and Vitamin B12

Anti protozoal agents

Imidocarb dipropionate (SC/IM injection)

Diminazine aceturate

  • anti tick vaccine
  • tick control
  • relapse common in dogs with B. gibsoni
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15
Q

Theileria significance

A

No pathogenic species in Aus

  • Important in America, southern Europe and Africa
  • Transmitted by ixodid ticks
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16
Q

Theileria Lifecycle

A

2 schizogony phases

  1. Leukocytes, lymphoid tissue
    - macro and microschizonts
  2. Erythrocytese
    - Merozoites from microschizonts
    - piroplasms in RBCs
    - Tick ingests RBCs - gametogony / sex in tick gut
17
Q

Clinical signs of Theileriosis

A

Fever - lymphadenopathy

-> haemolytic anaemia, lymph node swelling, pneumonia, jaundice, abortions, still births, metritis and mortality.

Calves more resistant to disease.

Develop a good immunity

18
Q

Diagnosis of Theileria

A

Characteristic stages in erythrocytes on a Giemsa stained blood smear or schizonts in leukocytes, macrophages or tissue smears.

19
Q

Treatment of Theileria

A

Buparaquone

primaquine - not registered in Aus.

In Ays can use Imidocarb

Halofuginone 10x dose

erythromycin in calves

20
Q

What causes malaria?

A

Plasmodium

21
Q

Where is Malaria an issue?

A

Endemic in PNG and SE Asia (not Aus anymore)

22
Q

What species does Malraia affect?

A
  • humans >1mill deaths per year
  • birds, primates, reptiles and rodents
23
Q

Lifecycle of Plasmodium

DH

IH

A

DH = mosquito - Anopheles spp

IH = vertebrate

Sporozoites undergo asexual schizogony in liver cells (some form hypnozoites here) -> merozoites then invade erythrocytes andergo more schizogony -> gametogony to for macro- and micro-gametocytes -> mosquito -> fusion of gametocytes -> ookinete 0> haemocoel -> oocyst -> hundreds of sporozoites -> salivary glands (mosquito is infected for life) -> infects a new host

24
Q

Pathogenesis of Plasmodium in 1st schizogony phase

A
  • hepatocytes

Hepatosplenomegaly

-leukopenia, thrombocytopenia

Hypnozoites -> relapsing fever

25
Q

Pathogenesis of Plasmodium in 2nd phase of schizogony

A

Intra-erythrocytic

  • haemolytic anaemia
  • fever paroxyms
  • haemoglobinurua
26
Q

Plasmodium diagnosis

A

Blood smears

  • blood stages
  • Giemsa / Romanocsky staining

Immunological

PCR

27
Q

Control of Plasmodium

A

Mosquito control

  • bed nets
  • insecticides
  • biological (Wolbachia)

No vaccine yet

Drugs!!
- quinone

  • chloroquinone
  • tetracyclline analogues
  • artemisins
28
Q

What is the common pathological stage of these parasites?

A

Schizogony

29
Q

IH for B. bovis and B. bigemina?

A

Rhipicephalus australis

30
Q

IH for B. vogeli?

A

Rhipicephalus sanguineous (brown dog tick)

31
Q

IH for B gibsoni?

Other modes of transmission for B. gibsoni?

A

Haemaphysalis longicornis (bush tick)

vertical tansmission and dog-to-dog via fighting

32
Q

How is Babesia maintained in the tick cycle?

A

Transovarial transmission

33
Q

Which species of Babesia is most pathogenic in dogs and cattle?

A

Dog - B. gibsoni

Cattle - B. bovis

34
Q

Tropical Theileria species?

Where?

A

Theileria annulata

Asia, Southern Europe

35
Q

Cause of East Coast Fever?

Where?

A

Theileria parva

Africa

36
Q

Theileria found in Australia?

A

T. orientalis-complex

  • buffeli (non pathogenic)
  • ikeda
  • chitose
37
Q

Causes of malaria in humans?

A

Plasmodium falciparum

P. vivax

P. ovale

P. knowlesii

38
Q

Most pathogenic Plasmodium

A

P. falciform (cerebral malaria) and almost always fatal

39
Q

Causes of recurrent malaria?

Disease caused?

A

P. vivax

P. ovale

clinical fever, chills, myalgia (muscle pain),

Parasitology (30 decks)

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