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Parasitology > Ascarids > Flashcards

Ascarids Flashcards

1
Q

Ascarid lifecycle

A
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2
Q

Ascarid of pigs and humans

A

Ascaris suum

Ascaris lumbricoides

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3
Q

Ascarid of horse and donkey

A

Parascaris equorum

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4
Q

WHO significance of Ascaris lumbricoides

A

infects 1 billion people globally

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5
Q

Economic impact of ascarids?

A

Production loss

-lumina feeders, malnutrition, reduced weight gain, stunting of growth

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6
Q

Clinical Disease

A
  • diarrhoea (yellow and pasty), colic, vomiting (may vomit worms)
  • intestinal ileus, blockage, rupture -> peritonitis
  • bile duct occlusion (cholestasis)
  • gall stones (in humans)
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7
Q

Significane of hepatopulmonary migration?

A

Can cause mechanical and inflammatory damage to organs

Milk spots in pigs -> condemned at slaughter

Eosinophilic pneumonia - calves, piglets, pups, kittens, foals

  • predisposes to viral and bacterial pneumonias
  • damaged lungs do not regenerate, FOALS!
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8
Q

Zoonotic ascarids in humans

A
  • A.suum + lumbricoides infect humans
  • Larvae of Toxocara canis and T. cati cause ocular and visceral larva migrans
  • Larvae of anisakids cause eosinophilic/gastritis
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9
Q

Features of Toxocara Canis

A
  • Direct and paratenic LC
  • Transmammory and transplacental transmission
  • L3 in egg -> HPM

PPP

  • TP; 2 weeks (larva in lungs)
  • TM+PH; 2-3 weeks
  • eggs; 5 weeks
  • zoonotic
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10
Q

Features of Toxocara cati

A
  • Direct and paratenic LC
  • Transmammory transmission
  • L3 in egg -> HPM

PPP

  • TM+PH; 3 weeks
  • eggs; 8 weeks
  • zoonotic
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11
Q

Features of Toxocaris leonina

A
  • Direct and paratenic LC
  • No HPM

PPP

-eggs; 7-10 weeks

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12
Q

Somatic migration of Toxocara

A

Some larvae in circulation end up in muscle instead of the lungs -> cause granulomatous lesions -> in 3rd trimester of pregnancy they move into the puppy TP or TM when suckling

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13
Q

Stage passed in faeces?

A

Unembryonated egg

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14
Q

What stage is infective?

A

Embryonated egg (L2 in paratenic, L3 in direct)

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15
Q

Duration taken to reach infectivity in the soil

A

2 weeks

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16
Q

Time that infective stage survives in soil?

A

5-10 years

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17
Q

What happens with somatic migration?

A

No eggs does not mean no infection! esp in breeding females

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18
Q

Diagnosis of ascarids

A

Faecal float

19
Q

Identify in the correct order

A

Ascaris, Toxocara, Toxocaris, Parascaris

20
Q

Identify this worm

A

Toxocara

21
Q

Identify this worm

A

Toxocaris

22
Q

Identify these worms in order

A

T. cati, T. canis, Toxocaris leonina

23
Q

Pulic Health significance of Toxocara

A
  • young humans
  • larvae may be encapsulated in tissue for years
  • > Uticaria or fever, hepatomegaly, eosinophilia, cough
  • usually self limiting, but potentially serious - eosinophilic encephalitis, myocarditis etc
  • ocular larval migration, treatment is unsuccessful
24
Q

Ascarids of birds

A

Ascaridia spp (SI)

Heterakis spp (caeca)

25
Q

Features of bird ascarids

A
  • Direct LC
  • PPP ~4-6 weeks
  • eggs take 2 weeks to embryonate, viable for a year.
  • Earthworms are transport host.
26
Q

Ascaridia in chicken?

A

Ascardia galli

27
Q

Effects of Ascaridia galli

A
  • Larvae develop into adults in duodenal and SI wall -> synchronous eruption of larvae -> enteritis +/- haemorrhagic
  • Adult worms -> intestinal occlusion
  • Nutritional deficiency -> increased susceptibility to disease, poor growth etc
28
Q

Lesions in affected turkey caused by?

A

Heterakis gallinarum

29
Q

Features of Heterakis gallinarum?

A
  • may cause caecak thickening in chickens
  • tranmission of Histomonas meleagridis through egg
  • protozoa highly pathogenic in turkeys “black disease”
  • > necrotising typhlitis and focal necrosis of liver
30
Q

Size of Heterakis?

A

1.5cm

31
Q

Size of Ascaridia

A

12cm

32
Q

How to manage ascardids in extensive system?

A

Challenging!

-Rotate pastures, especially young animals

33
Q

How to manage ascarids in intensive system?

A

Hygiene - removal of faeces

Decontamination of premises (bleach, flame gun)

Rodent and pest control (cockroaches)

Don’t feed raw meat

Treat and quarantine new animals

Deworm at regular intervals

34
Q

What animals to treat?

A
  • clinically affected (watch out for obstruction by removing all worms at once)
  • young animals to prevent likelyhood of disease (just prior to PPP)
  • Prophylactic prevention of placental and lactogenic infections in pups and kittens
35
Q

Outdoor system treatment regime (pigs)

A
  • Treat growers at 8 weeks
  • Treat sows and boars every 3 months to reduce pasture contamination
  • treat sows 7-14 days prior to farrowing
  • use levamisole, ivermectin, morantel, piperazine (narrow spectrum)
  • test herd every 6 months
36
Q

How to treat foals?

A

Deworm foals every 2 months (rotating MLs, BZs, pyrantel)

  • start at 2 months old until they are 1 year old
  • FEC prior to deworming in spring
  • rotate pastures
37
Q

How to treat puppies?

A
  • treat at 2 weeks old and then every 2 weeks until 10 weeks old -> monthly until 6mo
  • treat bitch at the same time
38
Q

Treat adult dogs?

A
39
Q

Treatment of the pregnant bitch

A
  • can’t kill arested larvae but kill them when the emerge into the bloodstream.
  • Fenbendazol 50mg/kg daily pour on from day 40 of pregnancy to 14+ days post whelping
  • Selamectin topically 40d and 55d of pregnancy
  • labeled use of monthly moxidectin topically
40
Q

Kitten Treatment

A
  • De-worm kittens at 3 weeks of age and then every 2 weeks until 8 weeks old, then monthly until 6 months old.
  • de worm queen at the same time
41
Q

How to de worm adult cat?

A

Faecal exam and deworm according to risk

-prevent lactogenic transmission to kittens by applying selamectin, moxidectin or emodepside topically to queen at the end of gestation

42
Q

Lifecycle of fish born Anisakidae

A
43
Q

Anisakidiasis

A

Aquired through injesting L3 in raw, insufficiently cooked or smoked fish.

Invasive (1hour - 2 days)

  • penetrate gut mucosa
  • Eosinophilic gastritis, eneritis
  • acute vomiting and diarrgoea
  • allergic response to antigens

**Cook well or freeze for more than 7 days

Parasitology (30 decks)

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