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Parasitology > Arachnida - Ixodida > Flashcards

Arachnida - Ixodida Flashcards

1
Q

How many pairs of legs in adult?

A

4

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2
Q

What are the 2 body parts called?

A

gnathosoma = capitulum idiossoma = the rest

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3
Q

Type of parasite

A

obligate (needs blood meal)

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4
Q

Soft ticks

A

Argasidae

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5
Q

Hard ticks

A

Ixodidae

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6
Q

legs in larvae

A

6

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7
Q

legs in nymph

A

8

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8
Q

One host tick lifecycle

A
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9
Q

Two host tick lifecycle

A
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10
Q

3 host tick lifecycle

A
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11
Q

Soft tick lifecycle

A

Up to 7 nymphal stages

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12
Q

Pathogenic effects

A

Blood loss (up to 5ml)

irritation and hypersensitivity

damage hide

reduce growth rate

produce toxins

transmit protozoans

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13
Q

Features of argasidae

A

Soft

no scutum

mouthparts underneath

rapid feeders (hours)

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14
Q

Features of ixodidae

A

hard tick

scutum present

mouthparts anterior

slow feeders (days)

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15
Q

The fowl tick

A

argas persicus

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16
Q

What is this tick and what are its features?

A

Argas persicus

red fowl tick

mouthparts concealed

distinct patterned margin to body (no festunes)

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17
Q

Lifecycle of Argus persicus

A

eggs laid in cracks

hatch in 3 weeks

larvae feed for 5-10 days

moult in crevices

nymphs feed in 2hrs (4 nymphal stages)

nymph and adult are nocturnal

larvae survivev 3 months without food

Adults survive 3-5 years without food

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18
Q

Argus Persicus effect on host

A

death due to paralysis from the larvae (larvae feeding for longer -> longer for toxins to be produced)

anaemia

irritation

reduced egg production

transmit: Boreelia anserina (tick fever) and Aegyptianella

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19
Q

Diagnosis is argus persicus

A

find larvae on birds

find adults in sheds

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20
Q

Treatment of arus persicus

A

Organophosphate spray

kerosene emulsion

21
Q

Tampan ticks

A

Ornithodoros

22
Q

What is this?

A

Ornithodoros gurneyi

23
Q

Features of tampan ticks

A

live in sand

feed on any host

painful bite (feed quickly)

transmit q fever

24
Q

Spinous ear tick features

A

Otobius megnini

in North America and Africa

free living adult

larvae and nymph live in ear

horse, cattle and dogs

recently found in WA

25
Q

Features of Ixodes

A

Long palps

anal groove in front of anus - frown face

22 species in Aus

Transmit lyme disease in North America

26
Q

What species of ixodes cause paralysis?

A

Ixodes holocyclus

Ixodes cornuates

27
Q
A
28
Q

What is this?

A

Ixodes - frown in front of anal groove

29
Q

Features of Ixodes holocyclus

A

3 host tick

on native animals

18 month lifecycle

larvae and adults in spring

nymph in autumn

30
Q

Ixodes holocyclus effect on host

A

all stages cause irritation and paralysis

sheep dog and cat most susceptible (1 female will kill a dog in hours)

Calves and foals also susceptible

Females engorge for 21 days

31
Q

Pathogenesis of Ixodes holocyclus

A

ascending motor paralysis

signs after 5-6 days

intense vasoconstriction

die from paralysis of respiratory muscles

animals can develop immunity

32
Q

Treatment of ixodes holocyclus

A

find and remove tick

acaricidal wash

hyperimmune serum

33
Q

Other paralysis ticks in North America

A

Dermacentor variabilis and dermicentor adersoni

34
Q

Distribution of ixodes holocyclus and cornuates

A
35
Q

Features of rhipicephalus

A

anal groove behind anus (smile)

basis capituli projects

forked first coxa

36
Q

Brown dog tick

what is is a vector of?

A

Ripicephalus sanguineus

Babesia canis

37
Q

Identify this tick

A

Ripicephalus australis

38
Q

Features of Ripicephalus australis

A

short palps with ridges

pale legs

female has ‘waist’

39
Q

Lifecycle of ripicephalus australis

A

1 host tick

22 days

egg hatches

seed ticks climb grass and attch to passing cattle

larvae and nyphs on host

female drop off after 18-37 days (most 22 days) in the morning

40
Q

Ripicephalus australis effect on host

A

irritation

damage hide (lose 25% of value)

anaemia

anorexia (reduced apetite)

Reduced growth rate and milk production

Transmit protozoans

Babesia, Anaplasma and Theileria

41
Q

Weather conditions on Rhipicephalus australis

in

  1. southern limits
  2. dry tropics
  3. wet tropics
A
  1. cool winter (suppress development)

takes 3-4 generations to build up again over summer

  1. temp not limiting

dry winters

ticks increase in wet season

  1. temp never limiting

rain all months

ticks all year around

42
Q

Dispersal and spread of rhipicephalus australia

A

larvae migrate 1m

can be blown 30m

can spell paddocks to control tick

in summer 50% live for 2 weeks

in winter 10% live for 4 weeks

can survive 11 weeks in cool weather

43
Q

Resistance of rhipecephalis australis

A

Zebu most resistant

aquired immunity in all breeds

saliva in antigenic

hypersensitivity develops

resistance against feeding larvae

mast cells and basophils collect around hypostome->histamine released -> increases reflex grooming

larvae fed with histamine articicially will detach

44
Q

Chemical control of Rhipicephalus Australis

A

Resistance developed to most

macrocytic lactones still used

Growth regulators - Flurazuron

Vaccine? Made against proteins of the gut epithelium of Rhipicephalus. Ticks that feed on this are exposed to antibody/complement attac on their epithelium.

They grow poorly and have low fecundity

70% effective and need 2 vaccines

45
Q

controll program of rhipicephalus australis

A

6 dips at 21d interval or 4 pour on treatments at 35 day interval

46
Q
A
47
Q

Bush tick - features

A

Haemophysalis longicornis

common in SE Asia

Introduced to Aus, in eastern Aus

3 host tick

vector of babesia gibsoni in dogs

48
Q

What is this tick?

A

Haemophysalis longicornis

49
Q

What are these

A

Bothriocroton & Amblyomma

Long mouthparts

smile anal groove

brightly coloured

Host specific

Aus species occur on reptiles. Also one for wombat, echidna and kangaroo.

Parasitology (30 decks)

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