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Biochemistry > Protein Structure > Flashcards

Protein Structure Flashcards

1
Q

___ determined by a protein’s amino acid sequence

A

primary structure

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2
Q

The peptide bond in primary structure attach the ___ group to ___ group

A
  1. Alpha amino group to the alpha carbonyl group of another
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3
Q

What are the characters of peptide bonds?

A
  1. Partial double bond character
  2. Rigid and planar
  3. Generally a trans configuration
  4. Disrupted by hydrolysis
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4
Q

In Sanger’s reagent, which terminal is cleaved first?

A

N-terminal amino acid

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5
Q

The edman’s reagent cleaves what amino acid terminal?

A

N-terminal amino acid

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6
Q

What reagents used for sequencing cleave C-terminal amino acid?

A
  1. Hydrazine

2. Carboxypeptidase

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7
Q

What bonds stabilize secondary structures?

A

hydrogen bonds

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8
Q

___ is a secondary structure that is spiral with side chains extending outwards

A

Alpha helix

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9
Q

What amino acid disrupts the spiral nature of an alpha helix?

A

proline

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10
Q

How many AA per turn does a alpha helix have?

A

3.6 AA per turn

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11
Q

Keratin has what type of secondary structure?

A

alpha helix

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12
Q

___ is when amino acid residues form a zigzag or pleated pattern

A

beta sheet

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13
Q

In beta sheet, the R groups of the amino acid sequence project in what direction?

A

opposite direction

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14
Q

___ are supersecondary structures produced by packing side chains from adjacent secondary structural elements close to each other

A

motifs

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15
Q

Cite examples of motifs

A
  1. Beta-alpha-beta unit
  2. Greek key
  3. Beta meander
  4. beta barrel
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16
Q

___ structure is stabilized by hydrogen bonds, disulfide bonds, hydrophobic interactions, ionic interactions

A

tertiary structure

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17
Q

___ refers to the 3-D shape of the protein

A

tertiary structure

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18
Q

___ are tertiary structure with fundamental functional and 3-D structural units of polypeptide

A

domains

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19
Q

___ refers to the types of polypeptide units of oligomeric proteins and their spatial arrangement

A

Quaternary strucyre

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20
Q

___ are specialized group of proteins required for proper folding of proteins

A

chaperones

they prevent aggregation, can also rescue proteins that are thermodynamicaly trapped

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21
Q

[Prion disease]

PrPsc has what secondary structure

A

beta sheets

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22
Q

[Prion disease]

What is the normal protein that is converted to the pathogenic conformation?

A

PrPc which is an alpha heliz

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23
Q

In alzheimer’s disease, what protein aggregates?

A
  1. protein beta amyloid
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24
Q

What apoliporotein is implicated as a mediator of protein folding in alzheimers disease?

A

apolipoprotein E

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25
Carbon monoxide bound to hemoglobin is called
carboxyhemoglobin
26
Carbon dioxide bound to hemoglobin is called
carbaminohemoglobin
27
[Hemoglobin] The taut form has __ affinity to oxygen
low affinity
28
[Hemoglobin] the R form has ___ affinity to oxygen
high oxygen affinity
29
[Hemoglobin] What for of Fe favors oxygen binding
Ferrous = Fe2+
30
What heme protein is present in heart and skeletal muscle?
myoglobin
31
___ acts as oxygen reservoir
myoglobin
32
myoglobin is considered a what protein structure?
tertiary
33
What allosteric factors shift the curve to the right
1. CO2 2. Acidity (low pH) 3. 2,3 BPG 4. Exercise 5. Temperature
34
Shifting the curve to the right means that the oxygen's affinity is
is decreased making it harder for hemoglobin to bind to oxygen but makes it easier for hemoglobin to release bound oxygen
35
___ release of oxygen from hemoglobin is enhanced when the pH is lowered or if there is and increase pCO2
bohr effect
36
Between oxy and deoxyhemoglobin, which has a greater affinity for protons?
deoxy form of hemoglobin has a greater affinity for protons
37
__ describes how oxygen concentration determine hemoglobin affinity for carbon dioxide
haldane effect`
38
What is the hemoglobin is the source during the embryonal stage?
yolk sac
39
Hemoglobin A appears at what age?
8 months onwards
40
The fetal hemoglobin is composed of
2 alpha chains | 2 gamma chains
41
Hemoglobin chains is composed of __-
2 alpha chains | 2 delta chains
42
Glycated hemoglobin glycates what amino group?
lysine enters the epsilon amino group of lysine
43
Methemoglobin does not bind to oxygen but has a high affinity for?
cyanide
44
[Diagnose] chocolate cyanosis, saturation is at 85% anxiety, headache, dyspnea
methemoglobin Tx: oral methylene blue or ascorbic acid
45
What are the mutations of hereditary spherocytosis?
1. Ankyrin 2. Spectrin 3. Band 4.1 4. Band 3
46
Sickle cell disease is an example of what type of mutation?
missense point mutation
47
What is the pathology in hemoglobin C disease?
1. Lysine is substituted for glutamate in the 6th position
48
[Classify this alpha thalassemia] mild anemia, two missing genes,
silent carrier
49
[Classify this alpha thalassemia] moderate to severe anemia, three missing genese
hemoglobin H disease
50
[Classify this alpha thalassemia] no genes missing, does not have anemia
silent carrier
51
[Thalassemia] Symptoms manifest after birth (around 6 months)
beta thalassemia
52
[Thalassemia] symptoms appear at birth
alpha thalassemia
53
What is the most abundant protein in the body?
collagen
54
What is the most common form of collagen?
type I
55
What amino acid facilitates kinking of collage
X: proline
56
What amino acids are found in collagen
1. Proline | 2. Glysine
57
What cells in the body produce collagen?
1. Fibroblast 2. Osteoblast 3. Chondroblast
58
What monosaccharide is added to hydroxylysine in the formation of collagen?
1. Galactose | 2. Glucose
59
[Synthesis of collagen] The preprocollagen is synthesized in which part of the cell?
rough endoplasmic reticulum
60
[Synthesis of collagen] What step requires hydroxylation?
hydroxylation of proline and lysine the higher the proline, the more rigid the protein
61
[Types of collagen] Seen in bone
Type I
62
[Types of collagen] seen in cartilage
Type II
63
[Types of collagen] reticulin
Type III
64
[Types of collagen] basement membrane
Type IV
65
[Diagnose] Hyperextensibility of skin, abnormal tissue fragility, increased joint mobility
ehlers-danlos
66
[Diagnose: type of Ehlers Danlos] defect in type I and type V more severe skin abnormalities, less severe joint changes
classical
67
[Diagnose: type of Ehlers Danlos] joint hypermobility, osteoarthritis, severe pain most common
hypermobility Type III
68
[Diagnose: type of Ehlers Danlos] fragile blood vessels, small stature, transluscent skin, increased intracranial aneurysms
Vascular
69
[Diagnose] mutatin in collagen genes resulting to bones that can easily bend and fracture
osteogenesis imperfecta
70
[Diagnose] blue sclerae, hearing loss, dental imperfections
osteogenesis imperfecta
71
[Diagnose] hematuria, ocular presentation, hearing loss, type IV collagen mutation
alport syndrome
72
[Diagnose] skin breaks and blisters after a minor trauma; mutation is type VII collagen
epidermolysis bullosa
73
[Diagnose] kinky hair, growth retardation, decreased copper (needed by lysyl oxidase)
menkes disease
74
What connective tissue is responsible for the rubber-like properties of a tissue (extensibility, elastic recoil)
elastin contains more proline and lysine
75
[Diagnose] mutation in fibrillin 1 hene
marfan
76
[Diagnose] taller, thinner doliochostenomeila, arachnodactyly, upward dislocation of lens
marfan syndrome
77
what enzyme inhibits proteolytic enzyme from hydrolyzing and destroying proteins
alpha 1 antitrypsin
78
A decrease in alpha 1 antitrypsin in the lungs can lead to an increase in what proteolytic enzyme?
elastase which can destroy proteolytic enzyme

Biochemistry (28 decks)

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