Metabolism and Mitochondrial Diseases

Question 1

Encephalomyopathy, short stature, stroke like episodes, migranous headache, vomiting, seizures, lactic acidosis, 5-15 years old

Answer 1

Mitochondrial Encephalomyelopathy, Lactic Acidosis, and Stroke-like Episodes (MELAS)

Question 2

Loss of retinal ganglion cell resulting to late onset optic neuropathy and bilateral central vision loss

Answer 2

Leber Hereditary Optic Neuropathy

Question 3

___ is the sum of all the chemical reactions in a cell, tissue, or the whole body

Answer 3

metabolism

Question 4

What are the intracellular regulators of metabolism?

Answer 4

1. Signals from within the cell
2. Substrate availability and product inhibition
3. Allosteric activators/inhibitors

Question 5

What are the intercellular regulators of metabolism?

Answer 5

1. Cell-cell communication (gap junctions, neurotransmitters, hormones)

Question 6

[Second messenger systems]

What is the protein kinase for cAMP?

Answer 6

PK A

Question 7

[Second messenger systems]

Protein kinase C is utilized by what second messenger?

Answer 7

IP3/DAG

Question 8

[Second messenger systems]

cGMP requires what protein kinase?

Answer 8

protein kinase G

Question 9

[Second messenger systems]

Glucagon, epinephrine (beta, alpha 2)

Answer 9

cAMP (protein Kinase A)

Question 10

[Second messenger systems]

epinephrine (alpha 1)

Answer 10

IP3/DAG (protein kinase C)

Question 11

[Second messenger systems]

ANP and NO

Answer 11

cGMP (Protein kinase G)

Question 12

[Second messenger systems]

Insulin and Insulin-like growth factor

Answer 12

Tyrosine Kinase (JAK-STAT)

Question 13

[Second messenger systems]

glucocorticoids and thyroid hormones

Answer 13

none