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Biochemistry > Bioenergetics > Flashcards

Bioenergetics Flashcards

1
Q

A ____ Gibbs free energy suggests that the reaction proceeds spontaneously.

A

negative

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2
Q

_____ determines the speed of the reaction while the free energy dictates the direction of the reaction. It does not affect the Keq.

A

enzyme (it lowers the activation energy needed)

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3
Q

ATP has ____ bonds that are high in energy which contains a Gibbs free energy of -7.3kcal/mol

A

Anhydride bonds.

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4
Q

NAD3+ : 3ATP :: ____: 2ATP

A

FADH2

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5
Q

Niacin can be derived from this amino acid.

A

Tryptophan

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6
Q

In terms of oxidizing capacity, FAD ____ NAD (greater, lesser)

A

greater

FAD is mostly involved in carbon-carbon bond reaction

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7
Q

Inhibitor for ETC Complex 1

A

Pericidin a
Amytal
Rotenone
Barbiturates

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8
Q

Inhibitor of complex II

A

Malonate
Carboxin
TTFA

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9
Q

Inhibitor of Complex III

A

Antimycin A

Dimercaprol

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10
Q

Inhibitor of complex IV

A

Cyanide
CO
Sodium azide
Hydrogen sulfide

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11
Q

ATP synthase inhibitor

A

Oligomycin

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12
Q

____ is the transfer and utilization of energy in biologic systems

A

bioenergetics

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13
Q

____ measure of change in heat content

A

enthalpy (Joules)

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14
Q

___ measure of the change in randomness or disorder

A

entropy (J/Kelvin)

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15
Q

____ energy available to do work

A

free energy or Gibbs free energy

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16
Q

___ refers to the delta G in standard conditions

A

Standard Free energy

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17
Q

in standard free energy, the concentration of the reactants and products are ____

A

1 molar each

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18
Q

___ reaction

if there is a net loss of energy

A

Exergonic

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19
Q

___ reaction

if there is a net gain of energy

A

Endergonic

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20
Q

What is the delta G of exergonic reactions?

A

<0

spontaneous

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21
Q

endergonic reactions proceed by ___

A

coupling it to exergonic processes

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22
Q

What is the standard free energy of ATP to ADP + P

A

-7300 cal/mol

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23
Q

The phosphate released after hydrolysis of ATP is stabilized by

A

formation of resonance hybrid in which the 3 negative charges are shared between the 4 O atoms

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24
Q

What are the compounds with a standard free energy higher than ATP?

A
  1. PEP
  2. Carbamoyl phosphate
  3. 1,3 BPG
  4. Creatine phosphate
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25
___ refers to the formation of ATP and a phosphorylated intermediate
Substrate level phosphorylation
26
In substrate level phosphorylation, the phosphate group comes from ____
another substance with higher standard free energy
27
How many high energy phosphates are formed in glycolysis via substrate level phosphorylation?
Two 1. Phosphoglycerate Kinase 2. Pyruvate kinase
28
How many high energy phosphate is formed in Krebs Cycle via substrate level phosphorylation?
One 1, Succinyl thiokinase
29
Refers to formation of ATP via chain of oxidation reaction
Oxidative Phosphorylation
30
What is the final electron acceptor of ETC?
Oxygen
31
Substrate level phosphorylation occur in which part of the cell
1. Cytosol | 2. Mitochondria
32
Which part of the mitochondrion houses the mtDNA and ribosomes and enzyme
matrix
33
___ is the final common pathway by which electrons from different fuels of the body flow to oxygen
ETC
34
The electron transport chain generally happens in which specific part of the mitochondria?
inner membrane
35
What are the 2 electron carriers used in the ETC
1. NAD+ | 2. FAD
36
In the ETC, NAD+ and FAD undergo ___ (oxidation/reduction)
REDUCTION
37
These donate electrons to the specialized electron carriers in the ETC
1. NADH | 2. FADH2
38
What electron carrier is derived from Vitamin B3?
NAD
39
What electron carrier is derived from Vitamin B2?
FAD
40
___ is the only non-protein component of the ETC
Uniquinone (CoQ)
41
These components of the ETC are not fixed
1. Coenzyme Q | 2. Cytochrome C
42
[ETC: name that complex] NADH dehydrogenase
Complex I
43
[ETC: name that complex] Succinate dehydrogenase
Complex II
44
[ETC: name that complex] Cyt b-c1 complex
Complex III
45
[ETC: name that complex] Cyt C oxidase
Complex IV
46
In the complex II, succinate deydrogenase converts succinate to what compound?
Fumarate
47
Coenzyme Q received electrons from what complexes?
Complex I and II
48
___ hypothesis explaining how free energy is generated by the transport of electrons by the ETC
Mitchell Hypothesis
49
What drives OXIDATIVE phosphorylation?
Increase of H+ and electrical gradients
50
Complex V refers to __
ATP synthase
51
What are the effects of ETC inhibitors?
1. Decrease oxygen consumption 2. Increase intracellular NADH/NAD+ and FADH2/FADH ratios 3. Decrease ATP
52
What are Complex I inhibitors?
1. Barbiturates 2. Amytal 3. RotenONE 4. Piercidin A
53
What are your complex II inhibitors?
1. Malonate 2. Carboxin 3. TTFA
54
What are complex III inhibitors?
1. Antimycin A | 2. Dimercaprol
55
What are complex IV oxidase?
1. Cyanide 2. CO 3. Azide sodium (sodium Azide) 4. Hydrogen sulfide
56
Inhibitors of these ETC complexes prevent electrons from reaching oxygen
Complex III and IV
57
__ increase the permeability of the inner mitochondrial membrane to protons in the ETC
uncouplers
58
What are the effects of electron transport chain uncouplers?
1. Increase oxygen consumption 2. Decreased NADH/NAD+ and FADH2/FADH ratio 3. decrease ATP synthesis
59
What is a natural ETC uncoupler?
Thermogenin (brown fat)
60
Examples of synthetic ETC uncouplers
1. 2,4 dinitrophenol | 2. aspirin
61
What drug blocks the F0 subunit of the ATP synthase
Oligomycin
62
___ inhibits oxidative phosphorylation by inhibiting the transporter of ADP into and ATP out of the mitochondrion
Atracytloside
63
What compounds partially reduce the unstable by products formed by ETC?
Unstable products = ROS 1. Superoxide 2. Hydrogen peroxide 3. Hydroxyl radical
64
What enzymes act as defenses against ROS?
1. Catalase 2. Peroxidase 3. Superoxide dismutase

Biochemistry (28 decks)

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