Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biochemistry > Nutrition and Alcohol > Flashcards

Nutrition and Alcohol Flashcards

1
Q

___ refers to the average daily nutrient intake level estimated to meet the requirement of 50% of healthy individual

A

EAR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

___ refers to the average daily dietary intake level that is sufficient to meet >95% of all individuals

A

RDA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

___ is arbitrarily set in the absence of scientific evidence to calculate an EAR or RDA

A

Adequate Intake

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

BMR comprise what percent of the BMR

A

60%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Thermic effect of food contributes how many percent in the BMR?

A

10%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

___ refers to the increase in blood glucose after a test dose of CHO compared with that after an equivalent amount of glucose

A

Glycemic index

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

[Kwahiorkor/Marasmus]

Edema
stunted
enlarged fatty liver
skin lesions
depigmented
very low plasma protein
A

kwashiorkor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

[Kwahiorkor/Marasmus]

no edema
stunted growth
extreme muscle wasting
weakness
anemia
A

marasmus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the cut-off for AP normal BMI?

A

18.5 to 22.9

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Ketogenic diet, the CHO is less than ____

A

50g/da

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the effects of ketogenic diet?

A
  1. Reduction in appetite
  2. Reduction in lipogenesis and increased lipolysis
  3. Greater metabolic efficiency in consuming fats
  4. Increased metabolic cost of gluconeogenesis and thermic effect of proteins
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What muscle fibers are predominantly used by sprinters?

A

Type II

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What muscle fibers are used by marathon runners

A

Type I

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What enzyme is used to convert ethanol to acetaldehyde?

A

Alcohol dehydrogenase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What enzyme converts s Acetaldehyde to Acetate

A

Aldehyde dehydrogenase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What inhibits aldehyde dehydrogenase

A

Disulfram

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

[Ethanol metabolism]

causes flushing, tachycardia, hyperventilation, nausea

A

Acetaldehyde

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What alternate pathway for ethanol metabolism that is induced especially in chronic alcoholics?

A

Microsomal ethanol oxidation system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

MEOS has a ___ Km for ethanol concentrations are high

A

KM is higher for ethanol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

MEOS occurs in which part of the cell?

A

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What CYP 450 enzyme is needed for MEOS?

A

CYP2E1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Aside from acetaldehyde, MEOS produce

A

NADPH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the metabolic effects of alcoholism

A
  1. Hypoglycemia
  2. Lactic acidosis - due to high NADH
  3. Ketoacidosis
  4. Hyperuricemia - due to lactate accumulation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What vitamin is inhibited in chronic alcoholism

A

Thiamin deficiency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Alcoholic Liver disease is due to

A

Imbalance between hepatic TAG synthesis and VLDL secreation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Alcohol-induced hepatitis is due to

A

acetaldehyde and free-radical generation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

[Vitamins]

What is the most oxidized form of vitamin A?

A

retinoic acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

[Vitamins]

what is the storage form of vitamin A

A

retinyl esters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

[Vitamins]

What form of vitamin A is a component of rhodopsin?

A

11-cis retinal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

[Vitamins]

What form of viamin A supports gametogenesis

A

Retinol and Retinal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

[Vitamins]

What for of vitamin A regulates growth and development

A

Retinoid acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

[Vitamins]

What is the first sign of vitamin A deficiency?

A

loss of sensitivity to green light

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

[Vitamins]

The final active form of vitamin D is a produced in ____

A

kidney

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What is the final active form of vitamin D

A

1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

[Vitamins]

What form of Vitamin D is commonly added to milk and butter?

A

Vitamin D2

36
Q

[Vitamins]

What form of vitamin D is normally found in the skin?

A

7-dehydrocholesterol

37
Q

[Vitamins]

What hormones inhibit Ca excretion in the kidneys?

A

PTH
Calcitonin
Calcitriol

38
Q

[Vitamins]

What hormone directly affects Ca absorption in the intestine?

A

Calcitriol

39
Q

[Vitamins]

Fat soluble vitamin which maintains fluidity of cell membrane

A

Vitamin E

40
Q

[Vitamins]

Fat soluble vitamins that is least toxic

A

Vitamin E

41
Q

[Vitamins]

Vitamin K synthesized by bacteria is called

A

Menaquinone

42
Q

What is the function of vitamin K

A

Gamma carboxylation of glutamate in clotting factos (9,10,7,2 Protein C, S)

43
Q

[Vitamins]

What is the active form of B1?

A

Thiamine pyrophosphate

44
Q

[Vitamins]

Thiamine pyrophosphate is a coenzyme for what reactions?

A
  1. Pyruvate dehydrogenase
  2. Alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
  3. BCAA dehydrogenase
  4. Transketolase

basta lahat ng dehydrogenases

45
Q

[Vitamins: B1 deficiency]

Confusion, ataxia, nystagmus, ophthalmoplegia

A

Wernicke Encephalopathy

46
Q

[Vitamins: B1 deficiency]

Amnesia, confabulation, hallucination

A

Korsakoff

47
Q

[Vitamins: Water Soluble]

causes seborrheic dermatitis, cheilosis, angular stomatitis, desquamation of the tongue

A

B2 deficiency

48
Q

[Vitamins: Water Soluble]

Can be synthesized from tryptophan

A

Niacin

49
Q

[Vitamins: Water Soluble]

Can be used to treat hyperlipidemia

A

Niacin

50
Q

[Vitamins: Water Soluble]

can be a source of ADP-Ribose for nucleoprotein involved in DNA repair

A

niacin

51
Q

[Vitamins: Water Soluble]

Niacin can be synthesized in the body in a process that requires what vitamins

A

Vitamin B6

B6 deficiency will lead to secondary deficiency in niacin

52
Q

[Vitamins: Water Soluble]

what are the possible etiologies of Niacin deficiency

A
  1. Corn-based diet
  2. Hartnup disease
  3. Carcinoid syndrome
  4. Isoniazid use
53
Q

[Vitamins: Water Soluble]

Part of Coenzyme A

A

pantothenic acid

54
Q

[Vitamins: Water Soluble]

can cause nutritional melalgia if deficient

A

Vitamin B5

Also called burning foot syndrome

55
Q

[Vitamins: Water Soluble]

form of pyridoxine if taken from meat

A

pyridoxal and pyridoxamine

56
Q

[Vitamins: Water Soluble]

pyridoxine are needed as coenzyme in these processes

A
  1. Transamination of amino acid
  2. Decarboxylation of glutamate and histidine
  3. ALA synthase
  4. Cystathione synthase
  5. Synthesis of niacin from tryptophan
  6. Glycogen phosphorylase
57
Q

[Vitamins: Water Soluble]

deficiency

can cause glossitis and neuropathy

can also be due to isoniazid toxcitiy

A

B6

58
Q

[Vitamins: Water Soluble]

toxic levels can cause sensory neruropathy

A

vitamin B6

59
Q

[Vitamins: Water Soluble]

receives one-carbon fragments from donors and transfers them to intermediates

A

Folic acid (Tetrahydrofolate)

60
Q

[Vitamins: Water Soluble]

What converts folate to dihydrofolate?

A
  1. NADH

2. Dihydrofolate

61
Q

The most reduced form of folate derivative is

A

N5-methyl-FH4

62
Q

Which amino acids can transfer 1 carbon groups to FH4

A

serine, glycine, histidine, formate

63
Q

The 1 carbon group that FH4 receives can then be transferred to

A
  1. Purine precursors
  2. dUMP to produce thymine
  3. Glycine to form serine
  4. Glycine to form serine
    5 Vitamin B12 to homocysteine to form methionine
64
Q

What accumulates in methyl folate trap?

A

5-methyl-TH4

65
Q

Cobalamin is a coenzyme for what enzymes

A
  1. Methionine synthase

2. Methylmalonyl CoA

66
Q

What is the coenzyme for copper and iron-containing hydroxylases?

A

Ascorbic acid

67
Q

What is vitamin B7?

A

Biotin

68
Q

Biotin is a coenzyme for what enzymes?

A
  1. Pyruvate carboxylase
  2. Acetyl CoA carboxylase
  3. Propionyl CoA carboxylase
69
Q

[Specific test for vitamin deficiency]

Vitamin B1

A

Erythrocyte transketolase activity assay

70
Q

[Specific test for vitamin deficiency]

Vitamin B6

A

Erythrocyte transaminase assay

71
Q

[Specific test for vitamin deficiency]

Vitamin B12

A

Schilling test/ methymalonic acid test

72
Q

[Specific test for vitamin deficiency]

Folate

A

FIGlu

73
Q

[Minerals]

What is the storage form of iron

A

ferritin

74
Q

[Minerals]

partially denatured derivative of ferritin; predominates when tissue stores are high

A

hemosiderin

75
Q

[Minerals]

iron transport protein in plasma

A

transferrin

76
Q

[Minerals]

When iron becomes scarce

A
  1. Storage iron is mobilized firs
  2. Impairment of hemoglobin synthesis
  3. Impairment of iron-containing enzymes
77
Q

What is the CBC picture of IDA

A
  1. Decrease total plasma iron
  2. Decrease Transferrin
  3. Serum ferritin
  4. Increase TIBC
78
Q

What is the CBC of picture of hemochromatosis

A
  1. Increase total plasma iron
  2. Increase transferrin saturation
  3. Increase serum ferritin
    4.
79
Q

[Minerals]

Carbonic anhydrase, cytoplasmic superoxide dismutase, alcohol dehydrogenase, carboxypeptidases, DNA and RNA polymerase

A

Zinc

80
Q

[Minerals]

What is the role of zinc fingers

A

serves as a structural role by stabilizing small loops in the polypeptide

81
Q

[Minerals]

inherited disease due to impaired intestinal zinc absorption

A

Acrodermatitis enteropathica

Tx: high doses of oral

82
Q

[Minerals]

X-linked recessive disorder due to deficiency of ATP-dependent membrane transporter for copper

A

Menkes syndrome

83
Q

[Minerals]

copper accumulation in liver and brain resulting to liver disease

hepatilenticular degeneration, KF rings, unusually low levels of 3-methylhistidine in urine

A

Wilson disease

84
Q

[Minerals]

excess can cause psychosis and parkinsonism

A

manganese madness

85
Q

[Minerals]

used by xanthine oxidase

A

molybdenum

86
Q

[Minerals]

can cause cardiomyopathy, endemic in some parts of china

A

selenium

Biochemistry (28 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions