Nutrition and Alcohol Flashcards by Clyde Silverio

___ refers to the average daily nutrient intake level estimated to meet the requirement of 50% of healthy individual

EAR

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

___ refers to the average daily dietary intake level that is sufficient to meet >95% of all individuals

RDA

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

___ is arbitrarily set in the absence of scientific evidence to calculate an EAR or RDA

Adequate Intake

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

BMR comprise what percent of the BMR

60%

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Thermic effect of food contributes how many percent in the BMR?

10%

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

___ refers to the increase in blood glucose after a test dose of CHO compared with that after an equivalent amount of glucose

Glycemic index

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

[Kwahiorkor/Marasmus]

Edema
stunted
enlarged fatty liver
skin lesions
depigmented
very low plasma protein

kwashiorkor

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

[Kwahiorkor/Marasmus]

no edema
stunted growth
extreme muscle wasting
weakness
anemia

marasmus

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the cut-off for AP normal BMI?

18.5 to 22.9

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Ketogenic diet, the CHO is less than ____

50g/da

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the effects of ketogenic diet?

Reduction in appetite
Reduction in lipogenesis and increased lipolysis
Greater metabolic efficiency in consuming fats
Increased metabolic cost of gluconeogenesis and thermic effect of proteins

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What muscle fibers are predominantly used by sprinters?

Type II

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What muscle fibers are used by marathon runners

Type I

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What enzyme is used to convert ethanol to acetaldehyde?

Alcohol dehydrogenase

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What enzyme converts s Acetaldehyde to Acetate

Aldehyde dehydrogenase

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What inhibits aldehyde dehydrogenase

Disulfram

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

[Ethanol metabolism]

causes flushing, tachycardia, hyperventilation, nausea

Acetaldehyde

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What alternate pathway for ethanol metabolism that is induced especially in chronic alcoholics?

Microsomal ethanol oxidation system

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

MEOS has a ___ Km for ethanol concentrations are high

KM is higher for ethanol

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

MEOS occurs in which part of the cell?

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What CYP 450 enzyme is needed for MEOS?

CYP2E1

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Aside from acetaldehyde, MEOS produce

NADPH

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the metabolic effects of alcoholism

Hypoglycemia
Lactic acidosis - due to high NADH
Ketoacidosis
Hyperuricemia - due to lactate accumulation

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What vitamin is inhibited in chronic alcoholism

Thiamin deficiency

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Alcoholic Liver disease is due to

Imbalance between hepatic TAG synthesis and VLDL secreation

Alcohol-induced hepatitis is due to

acetaldehyde and free-radical generation

[Vitamins] What is the most oxidized form of vitamin A?

retinoic acid

[Vitamins] what is the storage form of vitamin A

retinyl esters

[Vitamins] What form of vitamin A is a component of rhodopsin?

11-cis retinal

[Vitamins] What form of viamin A supports gametogenesis

Retinol and Retinal

[Vitamins] What for of vitamin A regulates growth and development

Retinoid acid

[Vitamins] What is the first sign of vitamin A deficiency?

loss of sensitivity to green light

[Vitamins] The final active form of vitamin D is a produced in ____

kidney

What is the final active form of vitamin D

1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D

[Vitamins] What form of Vitamin D is commonly added to milk and butter?

Vitamin D2

[Vitamins] What form of vitamin D is normally found in the skin?

7-dehydrocholesterol

[Vitamins] What hormones inhibit Ca excretion in the kidneys?

PTH Calcitonin Calcitriol

[Vitamins] What hormone directly affects Ca absorption in the intestine?

Calcitriol

[Vitamins] Fat soluble vitamin which maintains fluidity of cell membrane

Vitamin E

[Vitamins] Fat soluble vitamins that is least toxic

Vitamin E

[Vitamins] Vitamin K synthesized by bacteria is called

Menaquinone

What is the function of vitamin K

Gamma carboxylation of glutamate in clotting factos (9,10,7,2 Protein C, S)

[Vitamins] What is the active form of B1?

Thiamine pyrophosphate

[Vitamins] Thiamine pyrophosphate is a coenzyme for what reactions?

1. Pyruvate dehydrogenase 2. Alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase 3. BCAA dehydrogenase 4. Transketolase basta lahat ng dehydrogenases

[Vitamins: B1 deficiency] Confusion, ataxia, nystagmus, ophthalmoplegia

Wernicke Encephalopathy

[Vitamins: B1 deficiency] Amnesia, confabulation, hallucination

Korsakoff

[Vitamins: Water Soluble] causes seborrheic dermatitis, cheilosis, angular stomatitis, desquamation of the tongue

B2 deficiency

[Vitamins: Water Soluble] Can be synthesized from tryptophan

Niacin

[Vitamins: Water Soluble] Can be used to treat hyperlipidemia

Niacin

[Vitamins: Water Soluble] can be a source of ADP-Ribose for nucleoprotein involved in DNA repair

niacin

[Vitamins: Water Soluble] Niacin can be synthesized in the body in a process that requires what vitamins

Vitamin B6 B6 deficiency will lead to secondary deficiency in niacin

[Vitamins: Water Soluble] what are the possible etiologies of Niacin deficiency

1. Corn-based diet 2. Hartnup disease 3. Carcinoid syndrome 4. Isoniazid use

[Vitamins: Water Soluble] Part of Coenzyme A

pantothenic acid

[Vitamins: Water Soluble] can cause nutritional melalgia if deficient

Vitamin B5 Also called burning foot syndrome

[Vitamins: Water Soluble] form of pyridoxine if taken from meat

pyridoxal and pyridoxamine

[Vitamins: Water Soluble] pyridoxine are needed as coenzyme in these processes

1. Transamination of amino acid 2. Decarboxylation of glutamate and histidine 3. ALA synthase 4. Cystathione synthase 5. Synthesis of niacin from tryptophan 6. Glycogen phosphorylase

[Vitamins: Water Soluble] deficiency can cause glossitis and neuropathy can also be due to isoniazid toxcitiy

[Vitamins: Water Soluble] toxic levels can cause sensory neruropathy

vitamin B6

[Vitamins: Water Soluble] receives one-carbon fragments from donors and transfers them to intermediates

Folic acid (Tetrahydrofolate)

[Vitamins: Water Soluble] What converts folate to dihydrofolate?

1. NADH | 2. Dihydrofolate

The most reduced form of folate derivative is

N5-methyl-FH4

Which amino acids can transfer 1 carbon groups to FH4

serine, glycine, histidine, formate

The 1 carbon group that FH4 receives can then be transferred to

1. Purine precursors 2. dUMP to produce thymine 3. Glycine to form serine 4. Glycine to form serine 5 Vitamin B12 to homocysteine to form methionine

What accumulates in methyl folate trap?

5-methyl-TH4

Cobalamin is a coenzyme for what enzymes

1. Methionine synthase | 2. Methylmalonyl CoA

What is the coenzyme for copper and iron-containing hydroxylases?

Ascorbic acid

What is vitamin B7?

Biotin

Biotin is a coenzyme for what enzymes?

1. Pyruvate carboxylase 2. Acetyl CoA carboxylase 3. Propionyl CoA carboxylase

[Specific test for vitamin deficiency] Vitamin B1

Erythrocyte transketolase activity assay

[Specific test for vitamin deficiency] Vitamin B6

Erythrocyte transaminase assay

[Specific test for vitamin deficiency] Vitamin B12

Schilling test/ methymalonic acid test

[Specific test for vitamin deficiency] Folate

FIGlu

[Minerals] What is the storage form of iron

ferritin

[Minerals] partially denatured derivative of ferritin; predominates when tissue stores are high

hemosiderin

[Minerals] iron transport protein in plasma

transferrin

[Minerals] When iron becomes scarce

1. Storage iron is mobilized firs 2. Impairment of hemoglobin synthesis 3. Impairment of iron-containing enzymes

What is the CBC picture of IDA

1. Decrease total plasma iron 2. Decrease Transferrin 3. Serum ferritin 4. Increase TIBC

What is the CBC of picture of hemochromatosis

1. Increase total plasma iron 2. Increase transferrin saturation 3. Increase serum ferritin 4.

[Minerals] Carbonic anhydrase, cytoplasmic superoxide dismutase, alcohol dehydrogenase, carboxypeptidases, DNA and RNA polymerase

Zinc

[Minerals] What is the role of zinc fingers

serves as a structural role by stabilizing small loops in the polypeptide

[Minerals] inherited disease due to impaired intestinal zinc absorption

Acrodermatitis enteropathica Tx: high doses of oral

[Minerals] X-linked recessive disorder due to deficiency of ATP-dependent membrane transporter for copper

Menkes syndrome

[Minerals] copper accumulation in liver and brain resulting to liver disease hepatilenticular degeneration, KF rings, unusually low levels of 3-methylhistidine in urine

Wilson disease

[Minerals] excess can cause psychosis and parkinsonism

manganese madness

[Minerals] used by xanthine oxidase

molybdenum

[Minerals] can cause cardiomyopathy, endemic in some parts of china

selenium