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Biochemistry > Carbohydrates > Flashcards

Carbohydrates Flashcards

1
Q

_____ are steroisomer that differ in the position of the hydroxyl carbon group at only one asymetric carbon

A

epimer
Enantiomer = mirror images
stereoisomer = same chemical formula, differ in position of hydroxyl group

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2
Q

___ configuration where the anomeric carbon is on the right (fisher) or below the plane (haworth)

A

alpha configuration;

beta configuration = left, above

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3
Q

____ (monosaccharide) is a ketose and is an example of a reducing sugar since they form aldoses.

A

Fructose.

Fructosuria can be determined by reducing sugar test in the uring

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4
Q

This can be formed by the addition of glucose to the serine or threonine residues. UDP-sugar serves as the precursor in order for this product to be produced.

A

Glycosaminoglycans

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5
Q

The inability to add mannose-6-phosphate to the glycoprotein is the hallmark of ____ disease

A

I-cell disease. Lysosomes become engorged with non-digested material and resemble inclusion bodies.

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6
Q

Maltose: _____ :: Sucrose: glucose + fructose

A

glucose + glucose

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7
Q

this enzyme cleaves the a-1,4 bond in carbohydrate digestion

A

salivary and pancreatic a-amylase

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8
Q

The bond in the branch points glycogen

A

a-1,6

Glycogen residues has a-1,4

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9
Q

This is the precursor for glycogen synthesis

A

UDP-glucose

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10
Q

This enzyme is the key regulatory enzyme in glycogen synthesis

A

glycogen synthase

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11
Q

The key regulatory enzyme for glycogen degradation

A

glycogen phosphorylase

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12
Q

Glycogen synthase is inhibited by this enzyme

A

protein kinase A

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13
Q

What is the glycogen debranching enzyme that moves 3 out of 4 glucose units from the branch?

A

4-a-D-glucotransferase

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14
Q

What enzyme cleaves the last residue from the branch of glycogen?

A

a-1,6-glucosidase

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15
Q

Name the 4 types glycogen storage disease and corresponding enzyme deficiency

A

Type I - Von Gierke Disease, G-6-phosphatase
Type II - Pompe Disease, lysosomal a-1,4-glucosidase
Type III - Cori Disease, debranching enzymes
Type IV - McArdle Disease, skeletal muscle glycogen phosphorylase

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16
Q

This refers to the two or four residues remaining on a branch after glycogen phosphorylase shortens it.

A

Limit dextrin

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17
Q

Carbohydrate that is a component of cell membrane

A

glycoprotein

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18
Q

Anomeric carbon refers to ___

A

C1

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19
Q

Using the haworth model, the OH of C2 in alpha configuration is located ____

A

below the plane

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20
Q

Using the fisher model, the OH of C2 in alpha configuration is located ___

A

on the right

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21
Q

What are examples of your aldoses?

A
  1. Ribose
  2. Xylose
  3. Arabinose
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22
Q

What are examples of your ketoses?

A
  1. Ribulose

2. Fructose

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23
Q

What are examples of your hexoses?

A
  1. Glucose
  2. Fructose
  3. Galactose
  4. Mannose
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24
Q

Oxidation of glucose yields what product?

A

glucoronic acid

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25
Reduction of glucose yields what product
sorbitol
26
What monosaccharide is synthesized in the mammary gland
galactose
27
what monosaccharide is a constituent of glycolipids and glycoproteins?
Galactose, Mannose
28
What pentose is a structural component of nucleic acids and coenzymes?
Ribose
29
What monosaccharide is an intermediate in pentose phosphate pathway?
ribulose
30
___ is excreted in essential pentosuria
Xylulose
31
Glucose + fructose
sucrose
32
Glucose + galactose
Lactose
33
What disaccharide may be excreted in the urine during pregnancy
lactose
34
Glucose + glucose
Maltose
35
Inulin is composed of what monosaccharide
Fructose
36
___ projection shows the linear structure of the carbohydrate
fisher projection
37
___ projection shows the cyclic structure, shows the stereochemistry
haworth projection
38
Most stable confirmation of glucose in aqueous solution
chair conformation
39
What is the functional group of aldose?
aldehyde RC=O
40
The carbonyl group in aldose is found at the ___
end of the strucure
41
The carbonyl group of ketone is found in what position
At any other position.
42
Example of a ketose sugar
fructose
43
Sugars are considered reducing agents because they have ____
1. An aldehyde group | 2. Free ketose group
44
What test will identify reducing sugars?
benedicts test
45
____ is a disaccharide that is non-reducing
sucrose
46
___ are compounds that have the same chemical formula
isomer
47
___ are isomers that differ in configuration around ONE specific carbon atom
Epimer
48
Glucose and galactose are epimers. They differ in what position of carbon atom?
C4
49
Glucose and mannose are epimers. they differ in what -OH position
C2
50
___ are mirror images of each other
enantiomer L glucose - left in fischer projection
51
Anomers with five-membered ring ____
furanose = FIVE
52
anomer with 6 membered ring
pyranose
53
Alpha and beta anomers are produced when ____
rotation around the carbonyl carbon
54
[Epimer/anomer] can undergo interconversion from alpha to beta without energy expenditure
anomer undergo mutarotation alpha - baba beta - taas
55
Insulin is not needed whenever glucose enters this cell
1. RBC 2. Intestinal mucosa 3. Brain 4. Liver
56
[Glucose transporter] RBC
Glut 1
57
[Glucose transporter] Liver, pancreas
Glut 2
58
[Glucose transporter] Brain
glut 3 3rain
59
[Glucose transporter] skeletal muscle, adipose tissue
Glut 4 = 4 extremities
60
[Glucose transporter] Small intestine only
Glut 5
61
[Glucose transporter] requires insulin
GLUT 4
62
[Glucose transporter] GLUT 2 in the small intestines is found in the ___
basement membrane
63
___ is the major pathway that converts glucose into 3 carbon compounds to provide energy
glycolysis
64
Glycolysis occur in the ___
cytosol
65
What is the rate limiting step of glycolysis?
F6P to F1,6P PFK 1 Irreversible/committed step
66
How many ATPs are required and produced in glycolysis?
Required - 2 ATPS | Earned - 4 ATPs, 2 NADH
67
What inhibits glucokinase?
F6P
68
[Hexokinase/Glucokinase] High Km, low affinity High Vmax
glucokinase
69
[Hexokinase/Glucokinase] low Km, high affinity low Vmax
hexokinase
70
what inhibits hexokinase
G6P
71
What will be the response of F6P in the presence of high AMP, high ADP
Favors proglycolysis
72
What inhibits PFK-1?
1. Citrate | 2. ATP
73
What activates PFK-1?
1. F-2,6 BP | 2. AMP
74
What is the product of PFK1?
F1,6BP
75
What activates PFK2?
1. Well fed state (high insulin, low glucagon)
76
What inhibits PFK 2?
1. Fasting state (low insulin, high glucagon)
77
What enzyme forms pyruvate?
Pyruvate kinase
78
Pyruvate kinase is the enzyme for this reaction
PEP to Pyruvate + ATP
79
What activates pyruvate kinase?
F1,6P
80
What inhibits pyruvate kinase?
glucagon
81
What are the steps in glycolysis that can generate ATP?
1. 1,3 BPG to 3PG (Phosphoglycerate kinase) | 2. PEP to pyruvate (pyruvate kinase)
82
What step in glycolysis produces NADH
1. G3P to 1,3BPG (G3P dehydrogenase)
83
What is the end product of anaerobic glycolysis
lactate
84
what is the end product of aerobic glycolysis
pyruvate
85
What are the types of NADH shuttle?
1. Glycerophosphate shuttle | 2. Malate Aspartate shuttle
86
The glycerophosphate shuttle is abundant in ___
brain, white muscle
87
The malate aspartate shuttle is abundant in ____
heart muscle, most tissues
88
What enzyme used for DHAP to G3P (happens in the cytosol)
Cytosolic glycerophosphate dehydrogenase
89
What is the enzyme used to convert G3P to DHAP?
Mitochondrial glycerophosphate dehydrogenase
90
What carries NADH to assimilate it to the mitochondria?
DHAP to G3P
91
What carries FADH to assimilate it to the the ETC?
G3P to DHAP
92
In the malate-aspartate pathway, NADH is passed to malate via this enzyme? This happens in the cytosol
Cytosolic malate dehydrogenase
93
In the malate-aspartate pathway, NADH is passed to oxaloacetate via this enzyme? This happens in the mitochondria
mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase
94
The malate-aspartate pathway delivers NADH to what complex of the ETC?
complex I
95
In the malate aspartate pathway, the oxaloacetate is converted to aspartate and alpha ketoglutarate via the enzyme (inside the mitochondria)
aminotransferase
96
In the malate-aspartate pathway, the alpha ketoglutarate becomes ___ via the enzyme aminotransferase (happens in the cytosol)
glutamate
97
What reduces NADH to become lactate in the anaerobic pathway?
lactate dehydrogenase
98
How many ATPs are present at the end of glycosis?
5 or 7
99
How many NADH are produced at the end of aerobic glycolysis?
2
100
In the RBC, what enzyme is bypassed to create 2,3 BPG?
phosphoglycerate kinase
101
This shunt pathway refers to conversion of 1,3 BPG to 2,3 BPG
Rapoport-Luebering shunt pathway
102
What enzyme is used in Rapoport-Luebering shunt pathway?
bisphosphoglycerate mutase
103
If there is no oxygen present, pyruvate will become ____
lactate via lactate dehydrogenase
104
For gluconeogenesis, pyruvate is converted to ____
Oxaloacetate via the enzyme pyruvate carboxylase
105
For the citric acid cycle, pyruvate is converted to ____
acetyl CoA via pyruvate dehydrogenase
106
During fermentation, pyruvate is converted to ____
ethanol via pyruvate decarboxylase
107
What are the coenzymes needed by pyruvate dehydrogenase?
1. Thiamine pyrophosphate 2. FAD (from Vitamin B2) 3. NAD (Vitamin B3) 4. Coenzyme A (vitamin B5) 5. Lipoic acid TLC FN
108
what is the MOA of arsenic?
inihbits lipoic acid
109
What is the most common enzyme defect in glycolysis?
Pyruvate kinase
110
What is the most common cause of congenital lactic acidosis?
Pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency
111
Maturity onset diabetes of the young type 2 is due to a decrease in the activity of what enzyme?
glucokinase

Biochemistry (28 decks)

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