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Biochemistry > Carbohydrates > Flashcards

Carbohydrates Flashcards

1
Q

_____ are steroisomer that differ in the position of the hydroxyl carbon group at only one asymetric carbon

A

epimer
Enantiomer = mirror images
stereoisomer = same chemical formula, differ in position of hydroxyl group

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2
Q

___ configuration where the anomeric carbon is on the right (fisher) or below the plane (haworth)

A

alpha configuration;

beta configuration = left, above

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3
Q

____ (monosaccharide) is a ketose and is an example of a reducing sugar since they form aldoses.

A

Fructose.

Fructosuria can be determined by reducing sugar test in the uring

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4
Q

This can be formed by the addition of glucose to the serine or threonine residues. UDP-sugar serves as the precursor in order for this product to be produced.

A

Glycosaminoglycans

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5
Q

The inability to add mannose-6-phosphate to the glycoprotein is the hallmark of ____ disease

A

I-cell disease. Lysosomes become engorged with non-digested material and resemble inclusion bodies.

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6
Q

Maltose: _____ :: Sucrose: glucose + fructose

A

glucose + glucose

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7
Q

this enzyme cleaves the a-1,4 bond in carbohydrate digestion

A

salivary and pancreatic a-amylase

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8
Q

The bond in the branch points glycogen

A

a-1,6

Glycogen residues has a-1,4

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9
Q

This is the precursor for glycogen synthesis

A

UDP-glucose

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10
Q

This enzyme is the key regulatory enzyme in glycogen synthesis

A

glycogen synthase

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11
Q

The key regulatory enzyme for glycogen degradation

A

glycogen phosphorylase

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12
Q

Glycogen synthase is inhibited by this enzyme

A

protein kinase A

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13
Q

What is the glycogen debranching enzyme that moves 3 out of 4 glucose units from the branch?

A

4-a-D-glucotransferase

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14
Q

What enzyme cleaves the last residue from the branch of glycogen?

A

a-1,6-glucosidase

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15
Q

Name the 4 types glycogen storage disease and corresponding enzyme deficiency

A

Type I - Von Gierke Disease, G-6-phosphatase
Type II - Pompe Disease, lysosomal a-1,4-glucosidase
Type III - Cori Disease, debranching enzymes
Type IV - McArdle Disease, skeletal muscle glycogen phosphorylase

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16
Q

This refers to the two or four residues remaining on a branch after glycogen phosphorylase shortens it.

A

Limit dextrin

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17
Q

Carbohydrate that is a component of cell membrane

A

glycoprotein

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18
Q

Anomeric carbon refers to ___

A

C1

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19
Q

Using the haworth model, the OH of C2 in alpha configuration is located ____

A

below the plane

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20
Q

Using the fisher model, the OH of C2 in alpha configuration is located ___

A

on the right

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21
Q

What are examples of your aldoses?

A
  1. Ribose
  2. Xylose
  3. Arabinose
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22
Q

What are examples of your ketoses?

A
  1. Ribulose

2. Fructose

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23
Q

What are examples of your hexoses?

A
  1. Glucose
  2. Fructose
  3. Galactose
  4. Mannose
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24
Q

Oxidation of glucose yields what product?

A

glucoronic acid

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25
Q

Reduction of glucose yields what product

A

sorbitol

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26
Q

What monosaccharide is synthesized in the mammary gland

A

galactose

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27
Q

what monosaccharide is a constituent of glycolipids and glycoproteins?

A

Galactose, Mannose

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28
Q

What pentose is a structural component of nucleic acids and coenzymes?

A

Ribose

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29
Q

What monosaccharide is an intermediate in pentose phosphate pathway?

A

ribulose

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30
Q

___ is excreted in essential pentosuria

A

Xylulose

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31
Q

Glucose + fructose

A

sucrose

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32
Q

Glucose + galactose

A

Lactose

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33
Q

What disaccharide may be excreted in the urine during pregnancy

A

lactose

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34
Q

Glucose + glucose

A

Maltose

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35
Q

Inulin is composed of what monosaccharide

A

Fructose

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36
Q

___ projection shows the linear structure of the carbohydrate

A

fisher projection

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37
Q

___ projection shows the cyclic structure, shows the stereochemistry

A

haworth projection

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38
Q

Most stable confirmation of glucose in aqueous solution

A

chair conformation

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39
Q

What is the functional group of aldose?

A

aldehyde RC=O

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40
Q

The carbonyl group in aldose is found at the ___

A

end of the strucure

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41
Q

The carbonyl group of ketone is found in what position

A

At any other position.

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42
Q

Example of a ketose sugar

A

fructose

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43
Q

Sugars are considered reducing agents because they have ____

A
  1. An aldehyde group

2. Free ketose group

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44
Q

What test will identify reducing sugars?

A

benedicts test

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45
Q

____ is a disaccharide that is non-reducing

A

sucrose

46
Q

___ are compounds that have the same chemical formula

A

isomer

47
Q

___ are isomers that differ in configuration around ONE specific carbon atom

A

Epimer

48
Q

Glucose and galactose are epimers. They differ in what position of carbon atom?

A

C4

49
Q

Glucose and mannose are epimers. they differ in what -OH position

A

C2

50
Q

___ are mirror images of each other

A

enantiomer

L glucose - left in fischer projection

51
Q

Anomers with five-membered ring ____

A

furanose = FIVE

52
Q

anomer with 6 membered ring

A

pyranose

53
Q

Alpha and beta anomers are produced when ____

A

rotation around the carbonyl carbon

54
Q

[Epimer/anomer]

can undergo interconversion from alpha to beta without energy expenditure

A

anomer

undergo mutarotation

alpha - baba
beta - taas

55
Q

Insulin is not needed whenever glucose enters this cell

A
  1. RBC
  2. Intestinal mucosa
  3. Brain
  4. Liver
56
Q

[Glucose transporter]

RBC

A

Glut 1

57
Q

[Glucose transporter]

Liver, pancreas

A

Glut 2

58
Q

[Glucose transporter]

Brain

A

glut 3

3rain

59
Q

[Glucose transporter]

skeletal muscle, adipose tissue

A

Glut 4

= 4 extremities

60
Q

[Glucose transporter]

Small intestine only

A

Glut 5

61
Q

[Glucose transporter]

requires insulin

A

GLUT 4

62
Q

[Glucose transporter]

GLUT 2 in the small intestines is found in the ___

A

basement membrane

63
Q

___ is the major pathway that converts glucose into 3 carbon compounds to provide energy

A

glycolysis

64
Q

Glycolysis occur in the ___

A

cytosol

65
Q

What is the rate limiting step of glycolysis?

A

F6P to F1,6P

PFK 1

Irreversible/committed step

66
Q

How many ATPs are required and produced in glycolysis?

A

Required - 2 ATPS

Earned - 4 ATPs, 2 NADH

67
Q

What inhibits glucokinase?

A

F6P

68
Q

[Hexokinase/Glucokinase]

High Km, low affinity
High Vmax

A

glucokinase

69
Q

[Hexokinase/Glucokinase]

low Km, high affinity
low Vmax

A

hexokinase

70
Q

what inhibits hexokinase

A

G6P

71
Q

What will be the response of F6P in the presence of high AMP, high ADP

A

Favors proglycolysis

72
Q

What inhibits PFK-1?

A
  1. Citrate

2. ATP

73
Q

What activates PFK-1?

A
  1. F-2,6 BP

2. AMP

74
Q

What is the product of PFK1?

A

F1,6BP

75
Q

What activates PFK2?

A
  1. Well fed state (high insulin, low glucagon)
76
Q

What inhibits PFK 2?

A
  1. Fasting state (low insulin, high glucagon)
77
Q

What enzyme forms pyruvate?

A

Pyruvate kinase

78
Q

Pyruvate kinase is the enzyme for this reaction

A

PEP to Pyruvate + ATP

79
Q

What activates pyruvate kinase?

A

F1,6P

80
Q

What inhibits pyruvate kinase?

A

glucagon

81
Q

What are the steps in glycolysis that can generate ATP?

A
  1. 1,3 BPG to 3PG (Phosphoglycerate kinase)

2. PEP to pyruvate (pyruvate kinase)

82
Q

What step in glycolysis produces NADH

A
  1. G3P to 1,3BPG (G3P dehydrogenase)
83
Q

What is the end product of anaerobic glycolysis

A

lactate

84
Q

what is the end product of aerobic glycolysis

A

pyruvate

85
Q

What are the types of NADH shuttle?

A
  1. Glycerophosphate shuttle

2. Malate Aspartate shuttle

86
Q

The glycerophosphate shuttle is abundant in ___

A

brain, white muscle

87
Q

The malate aspartate shuttle is abundant in ____

A

heart muscle, most tissues

88
Q

What enzyme used for DHAP to G3P (happens in the cytosol)

A

Cytosolic glycerophosphate dehydrogenase

89
Q

What is the enzyme used to convert G3P to DHAP?

A

Mitochondrial glycerophosphate dehydrogenase

90
Q

What carries NADH to assimilate it to the mitochondria?

A

DHAP to G3P

91
Q

What carries FADH to assimilate it to the the ETC?

A

G3P to DHAP

92
Q

In the malate-aspartate pathway, NADH is passed to malate via this enzyme? This happens in the cytosol

A

Cytosolic malate dehydrogenase

93
Q

In the malate-aspartate pathway, NADH is passed to oxaloacetate via this enzyme? This happens in the mitochondria

A

mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase

94
Q

The malate-aspartate pathway delivers NADH to what complex of the ETC?

A

complex I

95
Q

In the malate aspartate pathway, the oxaloacetate is converted to aspartate and alpha ketoglutarate via the enzyme (inside the mitochondria)

A

aminotransferase

96
Q

In the malate-aspartate pathway, the alpha ketoglutarate becomes ___ via the enzyme aminotransferase (happens in the cytosol)

A

glutamate

97
Q

What reduces NADH to become lactate in the anaerobic pathway?

A

lactate dehydrogenase

98
Q

How many ATPs are present at the end of glycosis?

A

5 or 7

99
Q

How many NADH are produced at the end of aerobic glycolysis?

A

2

100
Q

In the RBC, what enzyme is bypassed to create 2,3 BPG?

A

phosphoglycerate kinase

101
Q

This shunt pathway refers to conversion of 1,3 BPG to 2,3 BPG

A

Rapoport-Luebering shunt pathway

102
Q

What enzyme is used in Rapoport-Luebering shunt pathway?

A

bisphosphoglycerate mutase

103
Q

If there is no oxygen present, pyruvate will become ____

A

lactate via lactate dehydrogenase

104
Q

For gluconeogenesis, pyruvate is converted to ____

A

Oxaloacetate via the enzyme pyruvate carboxylase

105
Q

For the citric acid cycle, pyruvate is converted to ____

A

acetyl CoA via pyruvate dehydrogenase

106
Q

During fermentation, pyruvate is converted to ____

A

ethanol via pyruvate decarboxylase

107
Q

What are the coenzymes needed by pyruvate dehydrogenase?

A
  1. Thiamine pyrophosphate
  2. FAD (from Vitamin B2)
  3. NAD (Vitamin B3)
  4. Coenzyme A (vitamin B5)
  5. Lipoic acid

TLC FN

108
Q

what is the MOA of arsenic?

A

inihbits lipoic acid

109
Q

What is the most common enzyme defect in glycolysis?

A

Pyruvate kinase

110
Q

What is the most common cause of congenital lactic acidosis?

A

Pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency

111
Q

Maturity onset diabetes of the young type 2 is due to a decrease in the activity of what enzyme?

A

glucokinase

Biochemistry (28 decks)

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