Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biochemistry > Nucleotides > Flashcards

Nucleotides Flashcards

1
Q

_____ and ___ cause the heat stands to separate but DO NOT break the phosphodiester bonds

A

Heat and Alkali

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Name the purine and pyrimidine bases

A

Purine - Adenine, Guanine
Pyrimidine - Cytosince, Thymine

A-T, C-G

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Histones contain large amounts of ____ amino acids.

A

Lysine and arginine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Eukaryotic mRNA contains a cap structure and poly A tail. The cap structure consists of ___ at the 5’ end

A

methylated guanine triphosphate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

____ has a cloverleaf structure that contains modified nucleotides. Its relatively small containing 80 nucleotides.

A

tRNA

Modified nucleotides contain pseudouridine, dihydrouridine, ribothymidine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

All tRNA molecules have a similar cloverleaf structure even though their base sequences differ. The first loop contains ___, the middle loop contains ____ which base-pairs with the codon in mRNA, the third loop contains____, and the CCA sequence at the 3’ end

A

First loop - D loop, dihydrouridine
Middle loop - anticodon
Third loop - TyC loop, ribothymidine and pseudouridine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

DNA polymerase cannot initiate synthesis of a new strand. It copies in the ____ direction and synthesize new strand in the ____ direction

A

Copy: 3’ to 5’
Synthesizes new strand: 5’ to 3’

Its primer: a short stretch of RNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

____ unwind the helix, while ____ prevent extreme supercoiling

A

Helicases unwind

Topisomerases prevents supercoiling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Eukaryotic DNA polymerase used exclusively for repair

A

DNA polymerase beta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Eukaryotic DNA polymerase that acts as the lead polymerase on the lagging strand during replication

A

DNA polymerase delta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Eukaryotic DNA polymerase acts as the lean polymerase in the leading strand of the DNA

A

DNA polymerase epsilon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Eukaryotic DNA polymerase that functions exclusively in the mitochondria

A

DNA polymerase gamma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

DNA _____ joins by forming phosphodiester bond, two adjacent DNA strands that are bound tot he same template

A

DNA ligase

Also joins Okazaki fragments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

____ is a type of mutation where there is a substitution of one base for another

A

point mutation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

____ is a type of mutation where one or more nucleotides are added within a DNA sequence

A

Insertions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

_____ is a type of mutation where one or more nucleotides are removed within a DNA sequnce

A

deletions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

_____ involves a specific glycosylase that removes a damaged base by hydrolyzing N-glycosidic bond, producing apurinic or apyrimidinic site

A

base excision repair

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

_____ involves a removal of a group of nucleotides from a DNA strand

A

nucleotide excision repair

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

____ is the removal of the portion of newly synthesized strand of a recently replicated DNA that contains a pair of mismatched bases

A

mismatch repair

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

_____ occurs when the transcrition apparatus (synthesizing RNA from DNA) detects DNA damage in the gene being transcribed.

A

transcription-coupled repair

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Draw your purine base

A

Purine = 2 rings

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Draw your pyrimidine base

A

Pyrimidine = 1 ring

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Most nucleosides contain __

A

D-ribose or 2-deoxydy-D-ribose linked to N1 of pyrimidine or N9 of purine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Nucleosides attach to what nitrogen in purine

A

N9

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Nucleosides attach to what nitrogen in pyrimidine ring

A

N1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

The nucleotide attach to ___ position of the pentose

A

C5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Polyucleotides are written in what direction?

A

5’ to 3’

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is the rate limiting step in purine synthesis

A

PRPP glutamyl amidotransferase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What are the atom donors for purine synthesis

A
  1. Glutamine
  2. Aspartate
  3. CO2
  4. CGlycine
  5. N10THF4
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

what is the rate limiting step for pyrimidine synthesis?

A

Carbamoyl Phosphate synthetase II

31
Q

What are the atom donors for pyrimidine synthesis

A
  1. Glutamine
  2. Aspartate
  3. CO2
32
Q

What is the donor of ribose-5-phosphate?

A

PRPP

33
Q

In purine synthesis, what comes first, the ring or the R5P?

A

R5P are preformed first then the ring is constructed

34
Q

In pyrimidine synthesis, what comes first, the ring of the R5P?

A

the ring is constructed first then it is attached to R5P

35
Q

What is the parent molecule of Purine

A

Inosine monophosphate

36
Q

What is the parent molecule of pyrimidine

A

Ortidine monophosphate

37
Q

What are the products of Purine synthesis

A
  1. IMP to GMP

2. IMP to AMP

38
Q

What are the products of pyrimidine synthesis?

A
  1. UMP to UTP to CTP
  2. UMP to dUMP
  3. Ribonucleotide reductase
  4. dUMP to TMP
  5. Thymidylate synthase
39
Q

What enzyme converts R5P to its activated form 5PRPP?

A

PRPP synthetase

40
Q

Mycophenolate blocks what enzyme?

A

IMP dehydrogenase

41
Q

What is the substrate used by carbamoyl phosphate synthase II?

A
  1. Glutamine
  2. CO2
  3. ATP
42
Q

What enzyme reduces nucleoside diphosphatase to their deoxy forms?

A

Ribonucleotide reductase

43
Q

What enzyme converts dUMP to thymine?

A

Thymidylate synthase

Cofactor: N5N10 methylene TH4

44
Q

5FU inhibits what enzyme

A

Thymidylate synthase

45
Q

What is the product of purine degradation?

A

Uric acid

46
Q

What enzyme salvages purine nucleosides?

A

Irreversible enzymes with PRPP as donor of R5P

47
Q

What is the associated disease in pyrimidine degradation?

A

Orotic aciduria

48
Q

What is the product of pyrimidine degradation?

A
  1. Beta alanine

2. Beta aminoisobutyrate

49
Q

Guanine is converted ti guanylic acid via this enzyme

A

HGPRT

50
Q

Hypoxanthine is converted to Inosinic acid via this enzyme

A

HGPRT

51
Q

What enzyme converts hypoxathine to xanthine?

A

Xanthine oxidase

52
Q

What enzyme converts xanthine to uric acid

A

xanthine oxidase

53
Q

what enzyme converts adenosine to inosine?

A

adenosine deaminase

54
Q

What enzyme converts adenine to adenylic acid

A

APRT

55
Q

What enzyme converts guanosine to guanine, inosine, hypoxanthine?

A

Purine nucleoside phosphprylase

56
Q

What are the irreversible enzymes in purine salvage pathway?

A
  1. Adenosine phosphoribosyl transferase

2. Hypoxanthine-guanine ribose-5 phosphate

57
Q

[Drugs]

Inhibit XO

A

Allopurinol

58
Q

[Drugs]

non-purine inhibitor of XO

A

Febuxostat

59
Q

[Drugs]

inhibit dihydropteroate synthase

A

sulfonamides

60
Q

[Drugs]

structural analog of PABA

A

sulfonamide

61
Q

[Drugs]

Structural analog of folate

A

trimethoprim

62
Q

[Drugs]

inhibits bacterial dihydrofolate reductase

A

trimethoprim

63
Q

[Drugs]

inhbit thymidylate synthase

A

5FU

64
Q

[Drugs]

chemo drug that inhibits dihydrofolate reductase

A

methotrexate

65
Q

[Drugs]

reversible inhibitor of IMP dehydrogenase

A

mycophenolate

66
Q

[Clinical correlates]

deposition of monosodium urate crustals

A

gout

67
Q

[Clinical correlates]

deficiency in HGPRT

A

Lesch-Nyhan syndrome

68
Q

[Clinical correlates]

high PRPP, uric acid is high
self mutilation, mental retardation

A

Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome

69
Q

[Clinical correlates]

high dATP, lack of DNA synthesis in immune cell precursor
Severe combined immunodeficiency

A

Adenosine deaminase

70
Q

[Clinical correlates]

loss of Tcell function with normal B cell function

A

Purine nucleoside phosphorylase deficiency

71
Q

[Clinical correlates]

deficient G6Phosphatase, purine overproduction and hyperuricemia

A

Von Gierke Disease

72
Q

[Clinical correlates]

impaired pyrimidine synthesis, poor growth, megalibrastic anemua, orotate in the urine

A

Orotic Aciduria

Orotidine phosphate decarboxylase or orotate phosphoribosyl transferase

73
Q

[Clinical correlates]

combined uraciluria-thyminuria; impaired formation of beta-alanine and beta-aminoisobutyrae

A

Beta hydroxybutyric aciduria

Dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase

Biochemistry (28 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions