Prac. Res Quiz 1 Q4 Flashcards
refers to the entire process of planning and carrying
out a research study
research design
a research method that describes the characteristics or behavior of the subjects or phenomenon that is being
studied.
descriptive research design
this design does not attempt to answer “why” and is not used to discover inferences, make predictions, or establish causal relationships
descriptive research design
what are the three distinctive characteristics of descriptive research design?
quantitative research
uncontrolled variable
basis for further research
distinctive characteristics. it attempts to collect data that could quantify for statistical analysis of population sample.
quantitative research
distinctive characteristics. no manipulation of variables is done in this design unlike in experimental research.
uncontrolled variable
distinctive characteristics. the result of the study can be further analyzed and can be used in other research method.
basis for further research
7 types of descriptive research design:
Survey
Descriptive Normative
Correlational Research
Descriptive Evaluative
Assessment/Evaluation
Descriptive Comparative
Ex-Post Facto or Causal-Comparative
(EP)AC SiNCE
Types. This design is used to gather information from a group of samples chosen from population.
For example, the researcher conducted a ______ to determine the socio-economic characteristics of the Pasigueños.
Survey
Types. This type attempts to establish norms based on a large number of survey data. It is used to describe trends in a large population of individuals.
The results of the study should be compared with the
norm.
For example, a group of researchers wanted to determine the level of skills of the incoming Senior High students, so they gave them a skills test (per group depending on their tracks). The result of the test was compared with the standard range of score to describe the level of their skills.
Descriptive Normative Study
Types. This research design is used when the researcher aims to find out the extent to which different variables are related to one another.
For example, the researcher attempts to know the relationship between mental ability and grade in math of the students. Also, the researcher tries to find out the relationship between gender and math performance of the students.
Correlational Research Study
Types. This study focuses on judging the “goodness of a criterion measure”. It can be done in a short or long period of time.
Descriptive Evaluative Study
Types. It is undertaken to assess the worth, success, effectiveness, or efficiency of a certain policy, or practice when applied to a group of subjects.
Assessment studies imply measurement of certain key indicators without attaching any judgment to them however, evaluation implies putting judgment and valuing to the measurements obtained.
Assessment/Evaluation Study
Types. This is a study designed to establish a formal procedure to compare and conclude the differences between variables.
Specifically, comparative study is used to compare two distinct groups on the basis of selected attributes such
as knowledge level, perceptions, and attitudes, physical or psychological symptoms.
Descriptive Comparative Study
Types. It derives conclusion from observations and manifestations that already occurred in the past and now compared to some dependent variables. It discusses why and how a phenomenon occurs.
For example, a researcher is interested on how weight influences the stress-coping level of adults. Here the subjects would be separated into different groups (underweight, normal, overweight) and their stress-
coping levels measured. This is an ex-post facto design because a pre-existing characteristic(weight) was used to form the groups.
Ex-Post Facto or Casual-Comparative
Difference of longitudinal studies & cross-sectional studies?
Longitudinal Studies: A study that establishes changes in criterion measure over a long period of time using same subject.
Cross-Sectional Studies: It is a study designed to evaluate changes over time by comparing at the same point of time, but different subject representing different stages.
one of the most known research designs mainly
because it is a classical scientific experiment that is like the activities performed in science classes
experimental research design
experimental research design is also known as:
intervention
three main parts of experiments:
- independent & dependent variable
- pretesting and posttesting
- experimental and control group
It is a manipulated variable that incurs change in
dependent variable. It is the “experimental stimulus”.
independent var
It is a variable being studied in the experiment. It is
expected to change when independent variable is manipulated.
dependent var
It is the initial measurement of dependent variables among the participants of the study.
pretesting
It is the initial measurement of dependent variables among the participants of the study.
post testing
This is the group exposed to the influence of
intervention or treatment. This group was used in administering the independent variable.
experimental group
This group is not exposed to any intervention or treatment. It is important to keep a close look to both group during experimental period.
control group
Experimental Methods:
Blind Experiment
- Single Blind Exp
- Double Blind Exp
- Placebo Group
It is used to ensure the validity of the test. According to
Bacli (2019), it specifically combats two internal validity threats: experimenter bias and participant bias.
Blind Experiment
It refers to an individual that represents the entire
population of target respondents of the study. This is the subgroup of the population
Sample
It refers to a group of individuals that the researcher is
interested in studying and usually has common or similar characteristics.
Population
It refers to the number of elements in the population
that is included in the study.
Sample size
It refers to a complete list of all cases in the
population from which the sample will be drawn (e.g. master list of Grade 12 students in a certain school).
Sampling Frame
3 Sampling Strategies in Quantitative Research
- define your sample and target population
- define your sample size
- define sampling technique
a statistical formula used to obtain an accurate sample size (n) given the population (N) and margin of error (e). The margin of error (e) is the allowable error margin in research. This formula calculates the number of samples required when the population is too large to directly sample every member.
Slovin’s Formula
What is the slovin’s formula:
n = N / (1 + Ne^2)
n = sample size
N = total population
e = margin of error
