Earth Science Quiz 2 Q2

Question 1

Rocks change their shape and volume when they are subjected to ________.

Answer 1

stress

Question 2

These are caused by forces that are exerted on the edges or interior of a material.

Answer 2

Stress

Question 3

______ constantly exerts downward stress on all rocks.

Answer 3

Gravity

Question 4

Temperature changes cause _________ __________ and _________ that causes fractures.

Answer 4

thermal expansion, contraction

Question 5

Wetting and drying can induce or enhance __________.

Answer 5

fractures

Question 6

HORIZONTAL plate movement exerts:

Answer 6

lateral and vertical stress

Question 7

What is stress synonymous to?

Answer 7

pressure

Question 8

_______ is the pressure that the rocks experience due to different forces.

Answer 8

stress

Question 9

Two types of of stress:

Answer 9

Uniform & Differential Stress

Question 10

Type of Stress. Forces act EQUALLY in all directions. It is confining.

Answer 10

Uniform Stress

Question 11

Type of Stress. Opposite in direction, equal in magnitude.

Answer 11

Uniform Stress

Question 12

Type of Stress. It causes deformation and plate tectonic forces. There is DIRECT pressure.

Answer 12

Differential Stress

Question 13

Type of Stress. It is the difference between the greatest and least compressive stress and experienced by an object. The difference in stress is responsible for the DEFORMED nature of rocks.

Answer 13

Differential Stress

Question 14

Examples of differential stress:

Answer 14

Tensional, Compressional and Shear stress

Question 15

Differential Stress. Rocks are PULLED APART that result to lengthening and break apart.
- Stretches Rock (Parang clay)

Answer 15

Tensional Stress

Question 16

Differential Stress. Causes rock to fold or fracture and SQUEEZES rock together.
- most common type found in convergent boundaries.
- cause rocks to fold upward or downward.

Answer 16

Compressional Stress

Question 17

Differential Stress. Forces SLIDES pass each other in opposite direction.
- most common type found in transform boundaries.
- cause masses of rock to slip

Answer 17

Shear Stress

Question 18

Rock deformation caused by differential pressure.

Answer 18

Strain

Question 19

Rocks deform through strain which causes rocks to _____________.

Answer 19

fold and/or crack

Question 20

Two main types of strain caused by differential stress.

Answer 20

Brittle Formation, Ductile Formation

(+ Elastic Formation)

Question 21

Types of Strain. Deform, fracture, and fault.
- Rocks may develop cracks, fractures, fissures
- Result to joint or fault

Answer 21

Brittle Formation

Question 22

Difference of joint and fault:

Answer 22

Joint- fracture without movement
Fault - fracture with movement, there is noticeable displacement)

Question 23

Types of Strain. Rocks flows in response to stress.
-BENDS, but not break
- change in rock shape/orientation without breaking.

Answer 23

Ductile Formation

Question 24

Types of Strain. Bends, not breaks, and GOES BACK TO ORIGINAL FORM.

Answer 24

Elastic Formation

Question 25

Behavior of rocks under different pulling of stress.

Answer 25

- Visible change in shape, loc, size, tilt, or break (due to squeezin nd shearin) - when rocks or plates are pulled or pushed together, stress may occur.

Question 26

Two results of deformation:

Answer 26

Folds and Faults

Question 27

Results of Deformation. This is formed when rocks experience COMPRESSIVE stress and deform plastically.

Answer 27

Folds

Question 28

Additional infos about FOLDS:

Answer 28

- waves in the stratified rocks of Earth's crust - freq seen in outcrop - reflect the same shape nd style - cleavage indicates the attitute of axial planes

Question 29

Three types of folds:

Answer 29

Monocline, Anticline, & Syncline

Question 30

Types of Folds. A bend in rock layers where oldest rocks are at the bottom, youngest at the top. (Staircase Bend)

Answer 30

Monocline

Question 31

Types of Folds. Fold that arches UPWARD where oldest rocks are found at center of it, youngest are covered over them at top.

Answer 31

Anticline

Question 32

Types of Folds. Fold that bends DOWNWARD which rocks are curved to a center.

Answer 32

Syncline

Question 33

Additional type of folds;

Answer 33

Chevron: Zigzag Parasitic: Yung anticline nagkaroon ng syncline (M shape) Symmetrical - Equal height of anticline & syncline Asymmetrical - NOT equal in height.

Question 34

Descriptive features of folds:

Answer 34

Size, Shape, Tightness, Symmetry, Facing & Vergence, Deformation Style Classes, Classification, Orientation of Axial Plane, Thickness of Folded Beds

Question 35

Results of Deformation. This is a FRACTURE or zone of fractures between two blocks of rock. They produce displacement over time.

Answer 35

Faults

Question 36

Faults allows the blocks to move _________ to each other.

Answer 36

relative

Question 37

The a. ____________ is the rock above the fault line while the rock below it is called b._________.

Answer 37

a. Hanging Wall b. Foot Wall

Question 38

What are the two types of fault?

Answer 38

Dip-Slip Fault and Strike-Slip Fault

Question 39

Types of Fault. This is inclined fractures where the blocks has shifted VERTICALLY. - Movement depend on the inclination of fracture/fault

Answer 39

Dip-Slip Faults

Question 40

Three classifications of dip-slip faults:

Answer 40

Normal, Reverse, Thrust Fault

Question 41

Class. of Dip-Slip Fault. The hanging wall above the fault has moved downward relative to the foot wall.

Answer 41

Normal Fault

Question 42

Class. of Dip-Slip Fault. - most common faults at DIVERGENT boundaries - caused by TENSIONAL Stress.

Answer 42

Normal Fault

Question 43

Class. of Dip-Slip Fault. Hanging wall moves upward relative to the foot wall.

Answer 43

Reverse Fault

Question 44

Class. of Dip-Slip Fault. - most common at CONVERGENT boundaries. - caused by COMPRESSIONAL stress.

Answer 44

Reverse Fault

Question 45

Class. of Dip-Slip Fault. A break on the Earth's crust, across which OLDER are pushed above the YOUNGER rocks. Has low inclination. - It is under reverse fault.

Answer 45

Thrust Fault

Question 46

What is another term for Strike-Slip Faults?

Answer 46

Transcurrent

Question 47

Faults on which the two blocks slide past one another. And is caused by Shearing Stress.

Answer 47

Strike-Slip Faults

Question 48

Two types of Strike-Slip faults?

Answer 48

Right Lateral and Left Lateral

Question 49

These are common on transform plate boundaries. Ex. San Andreas Faults - Movement along the strike.

Answer 49

Strike-Slip Faults

Question 50

Differences of the types of strike-slip faults:

Answer 50

Right Lateral: Dextral Left Lateral: Sinistral (Ex. Digdig Fault) Oblique Fault: Vertical Displacement