POP Introduction to Population Health

Question 1

Causation classifications:

Answer 1

1. Sufficient cause
2. Necessary cause

Question 2

Sufficient vs necessary cause

Answer 2

• Sufficient cause – presence of this factor alone is enough to result in the disease
• Necessary cause – the disease is never present when this factor is not present.
(E.g., to get TB it is necessary to be exposed to Mycobacterium tuberculosis but the exposure in itself is not sufficient for the disease state to occur).

Question 3

Re

Answer 3

Risk in exposed

Question 4

Ru

Answer 4

Risk in unecposed

Question 5

Relative risk

Answer 5

Re/Ru

Question 6

Attributable risk eq.

Answer 6

Re - Ru

Question 7

Attributable fraction attributable risk eq.

Answer 7

(Re - Ru)/Re x 100

Question 8

Population attributable risk eq.

Answer 8

(Rt - Ru)/Rt x 100

Question 9

Temporality

Answer 9

Exposure occurs before the disease.

Question 10

Plausability

Answer 10

Consistent with other knowledge

Question 11

Consistency

Answer 11

Many studies give the same finding

Question 12

Strength (of association)

Answer 12

What is the relative risk?

Question 13

Strength (of study design)

Answer 13

Type of study determines strength.

Question 14

Dose response

Answer 14

Increased exposure = increased outcomes.

Question 15

Reversibility

Answer 15

If you remove the exposure, does the outcome reduce?

Question 16

Confounder

Answer 16

Linked to both exposure & disease.

Question 17

In terms of strength of study design, identify source of best evidence & source of most evidence.

Answer 17

Randomised controlled trials & observational studies.

Question 18

What Bradford Hill Criteria is most important?

Answer 18

Temporality