HD Child & Cognitive Development Flashcards
Piaget’s Stages of Development
- Sensorimotor (0-2) – object permanence is developed.
- Preoperational (2-7) – egocentric, conservation is developed.
- Concrete operational (7-12) – time, space, quantity understood.
- Formal operational (12+) – theoretical & abstract logic & reasoning.
Critiques of Piaget’s Theory
No consideration of environment/culture
Mistakes children make in preoperational thought may be due to language development instead of cognitive development
Poor memory may be a better explanation for object permanence errors
Children do not perform consistently in tasks that should utilise the same ability
Children develop some abilities ahead of the expected stage, other skills at the expected stage and may be delayed in others.
Types of play and ages corresponding
• Social play – children do similar activities and smile at each other @ 15-18mths
• Parallel play – play alongside another child without much interaction @ 1yo
• Cooperative play – play roles and interact @ 2yo
Factors that influence quality of attachment
• Emotional availability (parenting) – warmth, sensitivity, responsivity, dependability
• Parent’s own attachment history
• Parental stress/mental illness
• Child’s temperament
Attachment types displayed via ‘The strange situation experiment’
• Secure – child comforted, crying stops, begins to explore.
• Avoidant – child ignores/turns away
• Resistant – upset & remains upset when mother returns (hard to console)
• Disorganised – confused & unsure of reaction
4 components of information processing approach
• Attention – when sensory information receives additional cognitive processing.
• Orienting response – emotional & physical reactions to unfamiliar stimulus (alters infant to new or dangerous stimuli)
• Habituation – lessened reactions to a stimulus after repeated presentations (helps infant ignore biologically insignificant events).
• Memory development
By the end of three months, your child may…
• Smile when you appear
• Make cooing sounds
• Quiet or smile when spoken to
• Seem to recognize your voice
• Cry differently for different needs
By the end of six months, your child might…
• Make gurgling sounds when playing with you or left alone
• Babble and make a variety of sounds
• Use his or her voice to express pleasure and displeasure
• Move his or her eyes in the direction of sounds
• Respond to changes in the tone of your voice
• Notice that some toys make sounds
• Pay attention to music
• Eat solid foods.
By the end of 12 months, your child might…
• Try imitating speech sounds
• Say a few words, such as “dada,” “mama” and “uh-oh”
• Understand simple instructions, such as “Come here”
• Recognize words for common items, such as “shoe”
• Turn and look in the direction of sounds
By the end of 18 months, your child might…
• Recognize names of familiar people, objects and body parts
• Follow simple directions accompanied by gestures
• Say as many as 10 words
By the end of 24 months, your child might…
• Use simple phrases, such as “more milk”
• Ask one- to two-word questions, such as “Go bye-bye?”
• Follow simple commands and understand simple questions
• Speak about 50 or more words
• Speak well enough to be understood at least half the time by you or other primary caregivers
Erikson’s stages of psychosocial development
Trust vs mistrust 0-1
Autonomy vs shame 1-3
Initiative vs guilt 3-6
Industry vs inferiority 6-12
Identity vs confusion Adolescence
Intimacy vs isolation YA
Generativity vs stagnation
Integrity vs despair
