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Placenta (Exam 2) Flashcards

1
Q

The placenta is made up of ______ and _____ tissues, and ______ tissues are never lost.

A

maternal
fetal
fetal

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2
Q

Function of the placenta

A

exchange between fetus + mother
prevents mixing of blood

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3
Q

The placenta is a(n) (endocrine/exocrine) and _______ producing organ.

A

endocrine
neurotransmitter

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4
Q

What two things does the placenta produce which makes it an endocrine organ?

A

progesterone
gonadotropins

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5
Q

What gonadotropin does the placenta produce in horses?

A

eCG (equine corionic gonadotropin)

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6
Q

What 3 neurotransmitters can the placenta produce?

A

IFN-t (interferon tau)
serotonin (5-HT)
dopamine

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7
Q

Which neurotransmitter does the placenta produce in ruminants?

A

IFN-t (interferon tau)

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8
Q

Function of IFN-t in ruminants

A

prevents luteolysis (so pregnancy is maintained)

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9
Q

What is the significance of the placenta producing serotonin (5-HT) and dopamine?

A

important for fetal brain development

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10
Q

The placenta can produce unique proteins or __________ in cattle which has an unknown function.

A

PAG (pregnancy associated glycoproteins)

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11
Q

Placentation is the _______ and ______ of the placenta.

A

formation and attachment

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12
Q

Term for the early stage of an embryo which will eventually implant into the uterus

A

blastocyst

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13
Q

Term for nourishment of embryo from the uterine gland secretions

A

histiotrophe

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14
Q

What are the 3 sets of extraembyronic membranes that form during placentation?

A
  1. yolk sac
  2. amnion + chorion
  3. allantois
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15
Q

Match each extraembryonic membrane to what its derived from:

  1. yolk sac
  2. amnion + chorion
  3. allantois
A
  1. splanchnopleure
  2. somatopleure
  3. splanchnopleure
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16
Q

eCG in mares is also called ______.

A

PMSG (pregnant mare serum gonadotropin)

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17
Q

What two things does the splanchnopleure consist of?

A

endoderm + splanchnic mesoderm

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18
Q

What two things does somatopleure consist of?

A

ectoderm + somatic mesoderm

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19
Q

Splanchnic mesoderm is (avascular/vascular) and somatic mesoderm is (avascular/vascular).

A

vascular
avascular

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20
Q

The mature placenta is formed by the fusion of what two extraembryonic membranes?

A

chorion + allantois

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21
Q

Fetal blood vessels are provided by the ______ which contracts the endometrium.

A

allantois

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22
Q

What is the function of the allantois?

A

exchange of nutrients from maternal blood (in some species)

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23
Q

Hemotrophe provides nutrients from _________ while a histiotrophe provides nutrients from _________.

A

maternal blood
uterine glands

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24
Q

Two major types of placentae in domestic animals

A
  1. yolk sac placenta
  2. chorioallantoic placenta
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25
Q

Two other names for “yolk sac placenta” classification

A

choriovitelline placenta
omphaloid placenta

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26
Q

In the yolk sac placenta, the yolk sac fuses with _______.

A

chorion

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27
Q

Which species is the yolk sac placenta common in?

A

rodents

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28
Q

The chorioallantoic placenta divides into 4 sets of classes to categorize the placenta. It classifies them based on what 4 things?

A

maternal tissue loss
contact areas
number of layers
projections

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29
Q

What are the 2 classes of chorioallantoic placenta based on maternal tissue loss?

A
  1. non-deciduate
  2. deciduate
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30
Q

What is meant by “non-deciduate” placenta?

A

no loss of maternal tissue at birth

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31
Q

What is meant by “deciduate” placenta?

A

maternal tissue is lost at birth

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32
Q

Which species have a non-deciduate placenta?

A

pig, horse (typical in ungulates)

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33
Q

Which species have a deciduate placenta?

A

carnivores

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34
Q

What is unique about ruminants in terms of the class of placenta based on maternal tissue loss?

A

they are partially deciduous

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35
Q

What are the 3 classes of chorioallantoic placenta based on contact area?

A
  1. diffuse
  2. cotyledonary
  3. zonary
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36
Q

Term for smooth region of placenta that is not modified for exchange with the mother

A

chorion laeve

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37
Q

Term for modified region in placenta for exchange of gas, nutrients, and waste with the mother

A

chorion frondosum

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38
Q

How is the chorion frondosum modified for exchange between mother and fetus?

A

increased surface area (branching, villi, or folds)

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39
Q

The diffuse placenta is made entirely of _________.

A

chorion frondosum

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40
Q

What 3 species have a diffuse placenta?

A

horse
pig
camel

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41
Q

In the cotyledonary placenta, the fetal ______ pairs with the uterine ______ to form _______.

A

cotyledon
caruncle
placentome

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42
Q

Which species has a cotyledonary placenta?

A

ruminants

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43
Q

The zonary placenta has a belt or band of _________.

A

chorion frondosum

44
Q

Which species have a zonary placenta?

A

carnivores (dogs/cats)

45
Q

Name the 3 fetal layers of the placenta

A
  1. fetal endothelium
  2. fetal connective tissue
  3. fetal epithelium
46
Q

Fetal connective tissue is derived from _______ ______ of the chorion and ______ _______of the allantois.

A

somatic mesoderm
splanchnic mesoderm

47
Q

The fetal epithelium layer of the placenta can also be called ________.

A

trophoblast cells (or cytotrophoblast cells)

48
Q

What are the 3 maternal/uterine layers of the placenta?

A
  1. maternal epithelium
  2. maternal connective tissue
  3. maternal endothelium
49
Q

The fetal and maternal endothelium layers line ________.

A

blood vessels

50
Q

What are the 4 different classes of the chorioallantoic placenta based on layers?

A
  1. epitheliochorial
  2. synepitheliochorial
  3. endotheliochorial
  4. hemochorial
51
Q

The epitheliochorial placenta has __ total layers and __ maternal layers are lost.

52
Q

Which species have the epitheliochorial placenta?

A

horse
pig
partial ruminant (select regions)

53
Q

The synepitheliochorial placenta has __ layers. Why?

A

5
fetal + maternal epithelium fuse

54
Q

Which species have a synepitheliochorial placenta?

A

ruminants (select regions)

55
Q

The hemochorial placenta has __ layers between fetus and mother. Which layers are lost?

A

3
all 3 maternal layers

56
Q

Which 2 species have a hemochorial placenta?

A

primates
rodents

57
Q

In the endotheliochorial placenta, __ layers separate the fetus from the mother. Which layers are lost?

A

4
lose maternal epithelium & maternal connective tissue

58
Q

Which species have a endotheliochorial placenta?

A

carnivores (dogs/cats)

59
Q

What are the 3 classes of chorioallantoic placenta by its projections?

A
  1. folded
  2. villous
  3. labyrinthine
60
Q

In the folded chorioallantoic placenta, the macroscopic folds are called ______ and the microscopic folds are called ______.

A

plicae
rugae

61
Q

Which species has a folded chorioallantoic placenta?

62
Q

In the villous chorioallantoic placenta, the ____ fetal insert into the ____ crypts.

A

fetal
uterine

63
Q

Which 2 species have a villous chorioallantoic placenta?

A

horse
ruminants

64
Q

The labyrinthine class of chorioallantoic placenta forms complex network where any connective tissue seen is of the _____.

A

fetus (fetal CT)

65
Q

Which species have a labyrinthine chorioallantoic placenta?

A

carnivores (dog/cat)

66
Q

(T/F) The porcine placenta is highly invasive and has diffuse placentation.

A

False - least invasive

67
Q

Match the porcine placenta to its appropriate classes based on:

  1. maternal tissue loss
  2. contact areas
  3. layers
  4. projections
A
  1. non-deciduate
  2. diffuse
  3. epitheliochorial (6 layers)
  4. folded
68
Q

Porcine gestation length

69
Q

Porcine placenta attachment begins ____ to ____ days after ovulation.

70
Q

In the porcine and equine placenta, glandular secretions accumulate in ________.

A

areolae (areolar region)

71
Q

What is unique about the RBCs on the fetal side of the porcine placenta?

A

nucleated (immature)

72
Q

Except for the _______, how does all fetal connective tissue appear?

A

horse
pale, mesenchyme-like

73
Q

Match the equine placenta to its appropriate classes based on:

  1. maternal tissue loss
  2. contact areas
  3. layers
  4. projections
A
  1. non-deciduate
  2. diffuse
  3. epitheliochorial
  4. villous
74
Q

In the equine placenta, fetal and uterine tissues interact at ___________.

A

microcotyledons (microplacentomes or microcaruncles)

75
Q

Per microcotyledon in the equine placenta, there is/are __ areolae per area.

76
Q

What specialized fetal epithelial cells break off and implant into uterine tissue in the equine placenta?

A

endometrial cup cells

77
Q

Function of endometrial cup cells (equine placenta)

A

produce eCG (equine choriogonadotropin) to increase progesterone via accessory cells

78
Q

What is the concern with endometrial cup cells in the equine placenta?

A

maternal immune system starts attacking them so they are only function until 120 days of gestation

79
Q

What is significant about implantation of the embryo in the equine placenta?

A

embryo but “roll” between and contact both uterine horns to recognize pregnancy

80
Q

Term for calcified materials floating in the allantoic fluid which is common in equine pregnancies

A

hippomanes

81
Q

Equine gestation length

82
Q

Equine placenta attachment occurs ___ to ___ days after ovulation.

83
Q

Match the ruminant placenta to its appropriate classes based on:
(Note differences in cow vs. ewe/doe in layers)

  1. maternal tissue loss
  2. contact areas
  3. layers
  4. projections
A
  1. non-deciduate to partially deciduate
  2. cotyledonary
  3. cow: epitheliochorial, ewe/doe: synepitheliochorial
  4. villous
84
Q

Cow gestation length

A

9 months (280 days)

85
Q

Cow placenta attachment occurs ___ to ___ days after ovulation.

86
Q

Ewe + goat gestation length

87
Q

The ewe and goat placenta attaches ___ to ___ days after ovulation.

88
Q

What 4 cell types can be seen in the ruminant placenta?

A
  1. binucleate
  2. trinucleate
  3. trophoblast giant cells
  4. cryptal giant cells
89
Q

The placentomes of the cow have a _____ shape while the ewe and goat are _____.

A

convex
concave

90
Q

What is unique about the placentomes in the ewe and goat?

A

presence of melanocytes (dark color)

91
Q

Match the carnivore placenta to its appropriate classes based on:

  1. maternal tissue loss
  2. contact areas
  3. layers
  4. projections
A
  1. deciduate
  2. zonary
  3. endotheliochorial
  4. labyrinthine
92
Q

Gestation length of dog and cat

93
Q

The queen’s placenta attaches ___ to ___ days after ovulation.

94
Q

The bitch’s placenta attaches ___ to ___ days after ovulation.

95
Q

Dog and cat pregnancy can be terminated with a _______ injection, but is not recommended due to serous side effects.

96
Q

List the 5 layers of the carnivore placenta

A
  1. chorioallantois
  2. labyrinth
  3. spongy layer
  4. supraglandular layer
  5. deep glandular layer
97
Q

In the labyrinth layer of the carnivore placenta, the chorionic villi branch and fuse extensively forming _______.

98
Q

Which species has obvious, regular layers of lamellae? Which has irregular and complex lamellae?

99
Q

Lamellae of the carnivore placenta have a ________ core and made up of what 3 cell types?

A

fetal connective tissue

cytotrophoblasts
syntrophoblasts
decidual cells

100
Q

Which cell type in the lamellae of the carnivore placenta erode the uterine epithelium and lamina propria to forma endotheliochorial placenta?

A

syntrophoblasts

101
Q

________ are cells that form one large multinucleated mass of cytoplasm in the carnivore placenta.

A

syntrophoblasts

102
Q

Which cells in the carnivore placenta are located at the base of the lamellae toward the uterus? Which species are they more prominent in?

A

decidual cells
cat

103
Q

What is the possible function of decidual cells?

A

prevent rejection of placenta (inhibit T cell response)

104
Q

The spongy layer of the carnivore placenta is made of distended _______.

A

uterine glands

105
Q

Which layer does separation of the carnivore placenta occur at parturition?

A

spongy layer

106
Q

________ layer is only prominent in the dog and _______ layer is more prominent in the dog.

A

supraglandular
deep glandular

107
Q

What is a source of iron for the developing carnivore fetus?

A

marginal hematomas

Microanatomy (21 decks)

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