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Microanatomy > Digestive System (Exam 1) > Flashcards

Digestive System (Exam 1) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 tunics of tubular organs?

A

Tunica mucosa
Tunica submucosa
Tunica muscularis
Tunica adventitia

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2
Q

3 Layers of Tunica mucosa of tubular organs

A

epithelium
lamina propria
lamina muscularis (+/-)

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3
Q

Lamina muscular of tunica mucosa is always ______, except in _____.

A

smooth muscle
rumen/gallblader

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4
Q

If lamina muscularis is absent, the ____ blends with _____ to make _____.

A

lamina propria
tunica submucosa
propria submucosa

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5
Q

Tunica (adventitia/serosa) is not in a body cavity, while Tunica (adventitia/serosa) is within a body cavity.

A

adventitia
serosa

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6
Q

Tunica muscularis of tubular organs has ___ layer(s) made of what kind of muscle?

A

2-3 layers
smooth, skeletal, or both

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7
Q

Tissue type of lip epithelium

A

non-keratinized stratified squamous

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8
Q

Ruminant lip & cheek epithelium tissue type

A

non-keratinized stratified squamous

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9
Q

(T/F) Lips have no lamina muscularis.

A

true

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10
Q

______ M is equivalent to the Tunica muscularis of the lips.

A

orbicularis oris M

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11
Q

Lips have a tunica (adventitia/serosa).

A

adventitia (not in body cavity)

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12
Q

(T/F) Cheeks have a lamina muscularis of the tunica mucosa.

A

False - not present

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13
Q

What are the salivary glands in the cheeks called?

A

buccal glands

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14
Q

______ M is equivalent to the tunica muscularis of the cheeks

A

buccinator M

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15
Q

Tissue type that lines the cheeks

A

non-keratinized stratified squamous

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16
Q

Cheeks have a tunica (adventitia/serosa)

A

adventitia - not in body cavity

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17
Q

Hard Palate tissue type of epithelium

A

keratinized stratified squamous

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18
Q

What structure is present in the hard palate of ruminants?

A

dental pad

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19
Q

(T/F) The hard and soft palate have no lamina musclaris.

A

True - propria submucosa

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20
Q

What are the salivary glands in the hard palate & soft palate called?

A

palatine glands

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21
Q

The tunica mucosa of the soft palate has what tissue type epithelium on the orophyarngeal surface? Nasopharyngeal surface?

A

Oro: non-keratinized stratified squamous
Naso: ciliated pseudostratified columnar

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22
Q

The tunica muscularis of the soft palate is (smooth/skeletal/both).

A

skeletal

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23
Q

In which structure do you need to suture the dorsal and ventral surface layers separately?

A

tongue

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24
Q

Tongue epithelium tissue type

A

keratinized stratified squamous

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25
Q

Lingual papillae of the tongue can be _____ or ____.

A

gustatory or mechanical

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26
Q

Tunica muscularis of the tongue is made of (skeletal/smooth/both) and highly vascular.

A

skeletal

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27
Q

2 types of mechanical papillae

A

filiform
conical

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28
Q

3 types of gustatory papillae (taste buds)

A

fungiform
vallate
foliate

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29
Q

Name the papillae that are at the root of the tongue and lined with keratinized stratified squamous.

A

Conical

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30
Q

What are conical papillae called in ruminants?

A

lenticular

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31
Q

Name the papillae that cover most of the tongue and made of keratinized stratified squamous.

A

Filiform

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32
Q

Match filiform papillae to species:

projecting cone w/ secondary papillae
large caudal projections
flat with cornified threads

A
  1. ruminant
  2. feline
  3. equine
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33
Q

Name the papillae type that is on the dorsal surface of the tongue and made of non-keratinized stratified squamous.

A

fungiform

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34
Q

Name the papillae type that is largest and on the lateral surface of sulcus. Made of either keratinized or non-keratinized stratified squamous.

A

Vallate

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35
Q

Which type of glands are present in vallate and foliate papillae?

A

gustatory glands

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36
Q

Name the papillae type that is on the lateral surface of tongue folds and made of non-keratinized stratified squamous.

A

Foliate

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37
Q

What are the 3 cell types in taste buds?

A

neuroepithelial taste cells
sustentacular cells
basal cells

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38
Q

Which taste bud cell type gives rise to the other cell types?

A

basal cells

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39
Q

Salivary gland composition

A

water
electrolytes
mucous
antibacterial/antifungal/antiviral compounds
enzymes

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40
Q

K + bicarbonate in salivary glands are (higher/lower) than plasma concentration while Na + Cl are (higher/lower) than plasma concentration

A

higher
lower

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41
Q

Name the major salivary glands

A

parotid
mandibular
sublingual

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42
Q

Name a few minor salivary glands

A

zygomatic
molar
lingual
gustatory
buccal
palatine

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43
Q

What is the prefix used for salivary gland problem

A

sialo

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44
Q

Salivary glands is a (simple/compound) and (endocrine/exocrine) gland.

A

compound exocrine

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45
Q

What are the duct types in salivary glands in order? (5)

A

intercalated duct
intralobular duct / striated
interlobular duct
lobar ducts
main excretory duct

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46
Q

Secretory units with a small lumen

A

acinar

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47
Q

Secretory unit with a large lumen

A

alveolar

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48
Q

What are demilunes?

A

intermixed secretory products within one acinus
most common organization of seromucous glands

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49
Q

Parotid Salivary Gland has (serous/mucous/mixed) secretory products and are ____ _____ glands.

A

serous
compound acinar

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50
Q

Mandibular Salivary Gland has (serous/mucous/mixed) secretory products and are _____ ____ glands.

A

mixed
compound tubuloacinar

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51
Q

Which salivary gland type has canaliculi?

A

mandibular salivary gland

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52
Q

What kind of ducts in salivary gland have low cuboidal epithelium?

A

intercalated ducts

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53
Q

What kind of ducts in salivary gland are prominent?

A

intralobular/striated ducts

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54
Q

What kind of ducts in salivary gland have stratified cuboidal/columnar epithelium?

A

interlobular

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55
Q

What kind of ducts have stratified columnar epithelium + goblet cells?

A

main excretory duct

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56
Q

Two types of teeth

A

brachydont
hypsodont

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57
Q

What kind of teeth are all equine, ruminant cheek teeth, boar tusks, and incisors of rabbits/rodents?

A

hypsodont

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58
Q

Hypsodont teeth have no defined _____ and _____ covers entire tooth body.

A

crown
cementum

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59
Q

What kind of tooth is in all carnivores, incisors of ruminants, porcine teeth ex. tusks?

A

brachydont

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60
Q

Brachydont teeth have a defined crown with _____ and roots covered by ____.

A

enamel
cementum

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61
Q

What is the hardest substance in the body?

A

enamel

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62
Q

What produces enamel?

A

ameloblasts

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63
Q

(T/F) You can regenerate enamel.

A

False - ameloblasts lost when teeth erupts

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64
Q

Composition of enamel

A

99% mineral
1% organic

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65
Q

Composition of dentin

A

70% mineral
collagen matrix

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66
Q

What is dentin produced by?

A

odontoblasts

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67
Q

Dentin is beneath what 2 structures?

A

enamel + cementum

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68
Q

What structure is modified bone?

A

cementum

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69
Q

What produces cementum?

A

cementocytes

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70
Q

During brachydont tooth development, oral (endoderm/mesoderm/ectoderm) invaginate to form ______.

A

ectoderm
dental lamina

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71
Q

When is the inner epithelial layer ONLY called ameloblasts?

A

when you can see the substance it produces

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72
Q

Instead of teeth, avians have _____.

A

beak covered with keratin

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73
Q

What bone is present in the avian tongue?

A

entoglossal bone

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74
Q

What type of salivary glands are present in the avian buccal cavity?

A

simple branched tubular

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75
Q

What kind of epithelium lines the avian buccal cavity?

A

keratinized stratified squamous

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76
Q

What type of epithelium is in T. mucosa of esophagus (dog/cat/human)?

A

nonkeratinized stratified squamous

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77
Q

What type of epithelium is in the T. mucosa of esophagus (horse/ruminants/bird)?

A

keratinized stratified squamous

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78
Q

The lamina propria of the esophagus is made of loose connective tissue with ____ and ____ fibers.

A

collagen
elastic

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79
Q

What glands are present in the lamina propria of the avian esophagus?

A

simple branched, tubuloalveolar = mucosal glands (cuz in T. mucosa)

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80
Q

(T/F) Simple branched, tubuloalveolar glands are present in the lamina propria of the avian crop (a diverticulum of the esophagus).

A

FALSE

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81
Q

What distinguishes the avian esophagus from crop and mammalian esophagus?

A

presence of mucosal glands in lamina propria

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82
Q

Lamina muscularis of esophagus has a (circular/longitudinal) smooth muscle layer.

A

longitudinal

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83
Q

What species have an absent lamina muscularis in the cranial end of the esophagus?

A

dog, pig

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84
Q

(T/F) All species have a lamina muscularis at the caudal end of the esophagus.

A

True

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85
Q

_________ glands are within the tunica submucosa of the esophagus.

A

seromucous (compound, tubuloalveolar)

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86
Q

Which species has seromucous glands present throughout the T. submucosa of the esophagus?

A

canine

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87
Q

Which species has seromucous glands only in the cranial half of the esophagus (t. submucosa)?

A

porcine

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88
Q

Which species (2) does the esophagus not have submucosal glands?

A

ruminants
avian

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89
Q

Where are seromucous glands of the T. submucosa of esophagus located in species other than dog/pig/ruminant?

A

pharyngoesophageal junction

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90
Q

T. muscularis of the esophagus has 2 layers: inner (longitudinal/circular) and outer (longitudinal/circular)

A

circular
longitudinal

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91
Q

Which 2 species have 100% striated muscle and 0% smooth of the T. muscularis of esophagus?

A

ruminant
canine

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92
Q

Which species has 80/20 split of striated vs. smooth muscle in the T. muscularis of esophagus?

A

feline (cranial)

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93
Q

Which species has 66/33 split of striated vs. smooth muscle of T. muscularis of esophagus?

A

equine (cranial)

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94
Q

Which species’ esophagus (T. muscularis) has almost all skeletal muscle cranially, but predominantly smooth caudally?

A

porcine

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95
Q

Which two structures have 100% smooth muscle in the T. muscularis?

A

avian esophagus
avian crop

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96
Q

The esophagus has a T. serosa (cranially/caudally) and a T. adventitia (cranially/caudally).

A

caudal
cranial

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97
Q

The avian crop is also known as what?

A

esophageal diverticulum

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98
Q

Epithelium of avian crop is thicker, made of _______ tissue type.

A

keratinized stratified squamous

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99
Q

(T/F) All birds have mucous glands in the avian crop.

A

False - only some birds
ID will NOT include them!

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100
Q

Function of avian crop

A

moisten + macerate food

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101
Q

The epithelium in the esophageal-stomach junction goes from ______ to ______.

A

stratified squamous –> simple columnar

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102
Q

T. muscularis of esophageal-stomach junction goes through ____ muscle (dog/ruminant) –> _____ muscle.

A

striated –> smooth

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103
Q

What distinguishes the esophageal-stomach junction from the recto-anal canal junction?

A

absence of goblets cells in stomach (present in rectum)

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104
Q

Which species has the best developed nonglandular stomach?

A

ruminant

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105
Q

What are the 2 types of stomachs?

A

non-glandular
simple glandular

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106
Q

What two structures are seen in simple glandular stomach? (1 macro, 1 micro)

A

rugae (macro)
gastric pits (micro)

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107
Q

Which two micro structures are present in all regions of the glandular stomach?

A

gastric pits
gastric glands

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108
Q

Epithelium of T. mucosa of glandular stomach

A

simple columnar (secretory/mucous)

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109
Q

Lamina muscularis of glandular stomach has ___ layers of (striated/smooth) muscle.

A

3
smooth

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110
Q

Which layer of the glandular stomach has gastric glands?

A

lamina propria

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111
Q

In the T. submucosa of the glandular stomach, glands are only present where?

A

at junction w/ duodenum

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112
Q

The T. muscularis of glandular stomach has ___ layers of all (striated/smooth) muscle.

A

3
smooth

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113
Q

What are the 3 orientations/layers of smooth muscle in the T. muscularis of glandular stomach?

A

inner oblique
middle circular
outer longitudinal

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114
Q

What are the 4 regions of the stomach defined by their type of gland?

A
  1. non-glandular
  2. cardiac region
  3. fundic region
  4. pyloric region
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115
Q

What kind of glands are present in the cardiac gland region of the stomach?

A

branched, coiled tubular glands

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116
Q

Cardiac gland region has (short/deep) gastric pits and (short/deep) gastric glands.

A

short
deep

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117
Q

How are nuclei of mucous glands in cardiac stomach oriented?

A

round & centrally located

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5
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118
Q

T. muscularis is (thicker/thinner) than pyloric region. Why?

A

thinner
pyloric has sphincter muscle

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119
Q

Fundic gland region (aka proper) has what kind of glands?

A

branched, straight tubular glands

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120
Q

What 4 cell types are seen in the fundic gland region?

A

chief cells
parietal cells
endocrine cells
mucous cells

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121
Q

Chief cells are (acidophilic/basophilic) and produce ______.

A

basophilic
pepsinogen

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122
Q

Parietal cells are (acidophilic/basophilic) and produce _____.

A

acidophilic
HCl (to activate pepsinogen)

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123
Q

Example of endocrine cell in the fundic gland region & its product

A

G cell - produce gastrin

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124
Q

Which 2 cell types predominant in the fundic gland region but are not there exclusively?

A

chief + parietal cells

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125
Q

What kind of glands are seen in the pyloric gland region?

A

branched, coiled tubular glands (short!)

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126
Q

What 2 cell types does the pyloric gland region have a few of?

A

parietal cells
endocrine cells

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127
Q

Pyloric gland region has (short/deep) gastric pits and (short/deep) gastric glands.

A

deep
short

128
Q

What is the orientation of the nuclei of glands in the pyloric gland region?

A

“smooshed bugs”
flattened and at base of cells

129
Q

T. muscularis of pyloric gland region tends to be (thinner/thicker) than cardiac region.

A

thicker

130
Q

2 types of mucous cells

A

surface cells
mucous neck cells

131
Q

What do surface cells secrete?

A

mucin

132
Q

Function of mucous cells

A

lubricate epithelial surface

133
Q

Mucous Neck cell location

A

neck of gland

134
Q

What 3 substances do chief cells produce?

A

pepsinogen
rennin
gastric lipase

135
Q

What enzyme leads to milk curdling?

A

rennin

136
Q

HCl converts ____ into ____.

A

pepsinogen –> pepsin

137
Q

Endocrine cell function in GI tract

A

produce hormones of Gi tract

138
Q

What layer do endocrine cells secrete products into?

A

lamina propria –> blood stream

139
Q

A cell product + function

A

glucagon
stim. hepatocytes

140
Q

EC cell product (2) + function

A

serotonin, substance P
up peristalsis

141
Q

ECL cells product + function

A

histamine
stim. HCl secretion

142
Q

D cell product + function

A

somatostatin
inhibit hormone release

143
Q

G cell product + function

A

gastrin
HCl release/motility

144
Q

GL cell product + function

A

glicentin
stim. hepatocytes

145
Q

VIP cell product + function

A

vasoactive intestinal peptide
stim. motility

146
Q

What 4 things stimulate G cells to release gastrin?

A
  1. stretch of stomach
  2. neuronal stimulation
  3. chemical (caffeine)
  4. pH above 2
147
Q

Fenestrated capillaries are present in which layer of the glandular stomach?

A

lamina propria

148
Q

Blood supply to glandular stomach facilitates what 3 things?

A
  1. absorb nutrients
  2. maintain pH
  3. hormonal transport
149
Q

What are the two organs that function together like a simple stomach in avians?

A

proventriculus
ventriculus

150
Q

Function of ventriculus

A

mash + grind ingesta

151
Q

Function of proventriculus

A

secrete HCl + digestive enzymes

152
Q

What structures make the epithelium of the avian proventriculus unique?

A

plicae –> form papillae

153
Q

____ are folds separated by sulci/grooves in the avian proventriculus. _____ are a collection of them.

A

plicae
papillae

154
Q

Lymphatic tissue is present in what layer of the avian proventriculus?

A

lamina propria

155
Q

What kind of glands are within T. submucosa of the avian proventriculus?

A

compound tubuloalveolar glands

156
Q

What cells are within the T. submucosa of the avian proventriculus?

A

oxynticopeptic cells

157
Q

What 2 things do oxynticopeptic cells secrete?

A

HCl + digestive enzymes

158
Q

How many layers are within the T. muscularis of the avian proventriculus?

A

3 (difficult to see separation)

159
Q

What epithelium type is present in both proventriculus + ventriculus?

A

simple columnar

160
Q

What kind of glands are present in the avian ventriculus T. mucosa?

A

branched tubular + simple cuboidal epithelium

161
Q

Name for the cornified product secreted by epithelial cells in the T. mucosa of avian ventriculus

A

cuticle (or pellicle)

162
Q

Function of cuticle (pellicle)

A

mash food

163
Q

Unlike the T. submucosa in the proventriculus, the ventriculus is (glandular/non-glandular).

A

non-glandular

164
Q

_____ muscle is in the T. muscularis of the ventriculus and surrounded by what?

A

smooth
dense white fibrous CT

165
Q

The T. muscularis of the ventriculus is (thinner/thicker) than the proventriculus.

A

thicker

166
Q

Lymphatic nodules are present in what part of the avian GI system?

A

small intestine

167
Q

The avian large intestine has paired ______.

A

ceca

168
Q

2 functions of ceca in the avian large intestine

A

water resorption
cellulose digestion

169
Q

Avian cloaca has what 3 functions?

A

excretory
reproductive
immunological (cloacal bursa)

170
Q

Ruminants have a glandular stomach called ______.

A

abomasum

171
Q

(T/F) The ruminant abomasum is identical to the simple stomach of carnivores.

A

True - same cell types + glandular areas

172
Q

What are the 3 stomach portions that make up the ruminant forestomach (non-glandular)?

A
  1. rumen
  2. reticulum
  3. omasum
173
Q

Rumen epithelium

A

keratinized stratified squamous

174
Q

The T. mucosa of the rumen has ____ (extensions of the lamina propria).

A

papillae

175
Q

All portions of the non-glandular stomach of ruminants have what epithelial lining?

A

keratinized stratified squamous

176
Q

Which one of the 3 non-glandular stomachs of ruminants has no lamina muscularis of the T. mucosa?

A

rumen

177
Q

The rumen’s T. muscularis has an inner (longitudinal/circular) layer and an outer (longitudinal/circular) layer of ____ muscle.

A

circular
longitudinal
smooth

178
Q

(T/F) Fermentation end products are absorbed throughout the forestomach, but mostly in the rumen.

A

True

179
Q

Rumen epithelial cells are adapted for _____.

A

absorption

180
Q

Rich capillary network + large intercellular spaces facilitate _______.

A

removal + uptake of volatile fatty acids

181
Q

The reticulum’s lamina muscularis has ___ cross sectional bundle(s) of ___ muscle.

A

single (1)
smooth

182
Q

The lamina muscularis in the reticulum is present where?

A

in the apex of primary crests (tallest part of crests)

183
Q

The T. muscularis of the reticulum has __ layers of ____ muscle oriented how?

A

2
smooth
oblique

184
Q

Which part of the forestomach have epithelium that form laminae with horny papillae?

A

omasum

185
Q

What is unique about the T. muscularis structure of omasum?

A

3 layers make a “sandwich”
lamina muscularis | inner circulator T. muscularis | lamina muscularis
also outer longitudinal

186
Q

At the omasoabomasal fold, epithelium changes from _____ to _____.

A

keratinized stratified squamous –> simple columnar (secretory)

187
Q

Digestion definition

A

food needs to be reduced to absorbable form

188
Q

Absorption is when nutrients pass across _______.

A

intestinal epithelial cell

189
Q

What are the 5 surface area modifications of the small intestine?

A
  1. increased length
  2. mucosal folds
  3. villi
  4. microvilli
  5. glycocalyx
190
Q

Small intestine T. mucosa epithelium

A

simple columnar + goblet cells

191
Q

______ cells are present in the lamina propria of small intestine in some species.

A

Paneth cells

192
Q

Are there mucosal glands in the small intestine? Submucosal glands?

A

both!

193
Q

Disease where villi cells are lost (but can eventually regenerate)

A

parvovirus

194
Q

___ layers in the lamina muscularis and T. muscularis with an inner (circular/longitudinal) and outer (circular/longitudinal) layer.

A

2
circular
longitudinal

195
Q

What is another name for submucosal glands in the small intestine?

A

brunner’s glands

196
Q

Submucosal glands in the small intestine are (mucous/serous/seromucous).

A

can be any!

197
Q

Purpose of lymphatic nodules in T. submucosa of small intestine

A

filter out bacteria/pathogens

198
Q

(T/F) The small intestine is sutured with two layers separately.

A

False - sutured as single layer

199
Q

What are simple columnar epithelial cells in the small intestine called?

A

absorptive cells

200
Q

(T/F) There are fewer goblet cells in the small intestine than the large intestine.

A

True

201
Q

______ is on the luminal surface of the small intestine which functions for absorption.

A

microvilli

202
Q

What two organelles are prominent in the small intestine?

A

smooth ER
golgi

203
Q

Enzymes on the ______ breakdown peptides/carbohydrates –> simple surgars and amino acids which enter the cell by ____ transporters.

A

glycocalyx
selective

204
Q

What process do fats undergo during digestion?

A

emulsification

205
Q

Fats are emulsified and packaged as _____ before entering the cell.

A

micelles

206
Q

Fats are released in what structure?

A

chylomicrons

207
Q

Chylomicrons (fats) are released into ______.

A

lymphatic system

208
Q

What do you call a lymphatic vessels for fat absorption?

A

lacteals

209
Q

The mucosal glands of the small intestine are (simple/complex) (coiled/branched) tubular glands.

A

simple branched tubular glands

210
Q

Another name for intestinal glands (mucosal)

A

crypts of lieberkuhn

211
Q

What 3 cell types are seen in the mucosal glands of the small intestine?

A
  1. progenitor cells
  2. paneth cells
  3. endocrine cells
212
Q

Function of progenitor cells

A

renewal of surface villi cells

213
Q

Which species have paneth cells in the small intestine?

A

ruminants
horses
humans

214
Q

What two things do paneth cells produce?

A

peptidases (digestive)
lysozyme (anti-bacterial)

215
Q

What cell type in the small intestine are seen on special silver stain and also known as argentaffin cells?

A

endocrine cells

216
Q

(T/F) Small intestine is highly vascular in the lamina propria.

A

True - nutrient absorption

217
Q

(T/F) Both smooth muscle layers of the lamina muscularis of the small intestine protrude into villi.

A

False - only first layer

218
Q

Function of inner circular layer of lamina muscularis protruding into villi (3)

A
  1. shorten villi
  2. pump lymph from lacteal
  3. pump blood from capillaries
219
Q

What glands are predominantly in duodenum but may be absent in other parts of small intestine?

A

submucosal glands of brunner

220
Q

Match submucosal gland product to species:

dog/ruminants
pig/horse
cat

A
  1. mucous
  2. serous
  3. seromucous
221
Q

All domestic animals have an inner circular & outer longitudinal layer of the small intestine, except _____ which have an inner oblique (instead of outer longitudinal).

A

dog

222
Q

What intrinsic innervation is between T. muscularis layers of small intestine?

A

myenteric plexus (auerbach)

223
Q

Term for pacemaker cells that mediate input from extrinsic nervous system and determine GI contractions.

A

interstitial cells of cajal

224
Q

Match contraction frequency (?/min) by segment:
stomach
duodenum
ileum
colon

A

stomach: 3 per min
duodenum: 12 per min
ileum: 10 per min
colon: 3 per min

225
Q

What extrinsic innervation increases motility of small intestine?

A

PSNS cholinergics

226
Q

What extrinsic innervation decreases motility of small intestine?

A

SNS adrenergics

227
Q

(T/F) Large intestine has plicae circulares.

A

False

228
Q

Identifying features of large intestine (3)

A
  1. longitudinal folds
  2. NO villi or plicae circulares
  3. increase goblet cells (cecum)
229
Q

______ layer of T. muscularis condenses to form thickened bands of smooth mucsle.

A

outer longitudinal

230
Q

Term for thickened bands of smooth muscle in large intestine that helps with ID.

A

“taenia”
(taenia coli, taenia ceci)

231
Q

Function of resident bacteria in small intestine.

A

makes vitamin B12 (animal cannot be produce on own)

232
Q

Resident bacteria in small intestine are considered ____ since both animals and bacteria benefit.

A

symbionts

233
Q

What term refers to “actual micro-organisms within small and large intestines”

A

gut microbiota

234
Q

Gut microbiome: Total collection of gut microorganisms and their ______.

A

genetic material

235
Q

Term for “disruptive changes in gut microbiota”

A

gut dysbiosis

236
Q

In gut dysbiosis, bacteria can turn from symbionts to ______ and cause disease.

A

pathobionts

237
Q

One result of gut dysbiosis

A

intestinal permeability (increasing intestinal leakiness = bacteria in blood)

238
Q

Animals that lack gut microbiota are called ____.

A

germ-free

239
Q

Animal that possess select known strains of bacteria & other microorganisms are ______.

A

gnotobiotic

240
Q

In ruminants, rectal mucosa form longitudinal folds called _______.

A

rectal colummns

241
Q

Canine, lymphatic nodules in the recto-anal canal junction form grossly visible depression called:

A

rectal pits

242
Q

(T/F) The lamina muscularis continues throughout the recto-anal canal junction.

A

False - terminates

243
Q

The inner circular layer of the T. muscularis becomes _________ and the longitudinal layer (continues/terminates).

A

internal anal sphincter
terminates

244
Q

Recto-anal canal junction goes from _________ –> ________ epithelium.

A

simple columnar + goblet cells
nonkeratinized stratified squamous

245
Q

3 regions of the anal canal

A
  1. columnar zone
  2. intermediate zone
  3. cutaneous zone
246
Q

Columnar zone of anal canal epithelium

A

nonkeratinized stratified squamous

247
Q

Cutaneous zone of anal canal epithelium

A

keratinized stratified squamous + glands!

248
Q

(T/F) Glands in the cutaneous zone of the anal canal are expressed by vets.

A

False

249
Q

______ glands are the actual “anal glands” which are NOT expressed by vets and are only in the _____ zone.

A

apocrine
columnar

250
Q

What 3 types of glands are in the cutaneous zone of the anal canal?

A
  1. sweat
  2. apocrine
  3. circumanal
251
Q

Which gland type in the anal canal do unneutered males often develop tumors on?

A

circumanal glands (perianal)

252
Q

Anal sacs are bilateral evaginations of ___ between what 2 structures?

A

mucosa
internal + external anal sphincter Mm

253
Q

The anal sac lumen is lined by ________ epithelium.

A

heavily keratinized stratified squamous

254
Q

Glands of the anal sac secretory units in felines vs. canines

A

felines: sebaceous + apocrine
canine: pure apocrine

255
Q

3 accessory glands of the GI system

A

liver, pancreas, gall bladder

256
Q

All accessory glands of the GI system are (endocrine/exocrine) glands.

A

exocrine

257
Q

Which two accessory glands of the GI system have endocrine functions?

A

liver + pancreas

258
Q

The liver is divided in lobules by connective tissue and only obvious in what species?

A

pig

259
Q

The parenchyma of the liver is composed of ________.

A

hepatocytes

260
Q

Hepatocytes are (acidophilic/basophilic).

A

acidophilic

261
Q

What is the structural definition of a liver lobule?

A

hepatic lobule

262
Q

Hepatic lobules are _____ in shape, organized around a ______.

A

hexagonal
central vein

263
Q

3/6 corners of hepatic lobules contain _____.

A

portal areas

264
Q

What 5 structures are contained by portal areas in the liver?

A
  1. portal V/venule
  2. hepatic A/arteriole
  3. bile duct
  4. lymphatic vessel
  5. unmyelinated nerve fibers
265
Q

Any vein seen in the portal areas = _____ V.

A

portal

266
Q

Porcine liver has well-developed _________.

A

interlobular connective tissue septa

267
Q

What is the largest gland in the body?

A

liver

268
Q

The liver is a _____ gland.

A

compound tubular

269
Q

(T/F) Liver has exocrine & endocrine functions.

A

True

270
Q

Liver is structurally and functionally between ___ and ___.

A

GI tract
caudal vena cava

271
Q

Liver has dual blood supply via what two vessels?

A

portal vein
hepatic artery

272
Q

Portal vein is enriched with ______ and the hepatic artery is enriched with ______. (dual blood supply –> liver)

A

nutrients
oxygen

273
Q

Liver blood supply enters liver parenchyma at a _____ (visceral surface) and ____.

A

hilus
porta

274
Q

Which hepatocytes receive the most oxygen rich blood in the liver? The least?

A

-closest to portal areas
-around central vein

275
Q

Where does blood become mixed from the portal V and hepatic A?

A

sinusoidal capillaries

276
Q

Venous supply order in liver

A

portal V –> interlobar Vv –> interlobular portal venules –> distributing venules –> sinusoidal capillaries

277
Q

Venous drainage order (out via central vein)

A

sinusoids –> central ventral –> sublobular Vv –> collecting Vv –> hepatic V –> caudal vena cava

278
Q

Which vein in the venous drainage system of the liver is first outside of the liver?

A

hepatic V

279
Q

Any veins/venules within the portal areas are _____ veins/venules that provide nutrients to the liver.

A

portal

280
Q

Term for “functional or metabolic definition centered around nutrient supply of the liver”

A

liver acinus

281
Q

Liver acinus has 2 _____ and 2 _____.

A

portal areas
central veins

282
Q

List functions of the liver

A

excretion
secretion
storage
synthesis
phagocytosis
detoxification
conjugation
esterification
metabolism
hemopoiesis

283
Q

All functions of the liver are carried out by what 2 cell types?

A

hepatocytes
macrophages

284
Q

Hepatocytes are arranged in ______ with sinusoids contacting at least two sides.

A

laminae (sheets)

285
Q

Term for membrane invaginations of hepatocyte plasma membrane where bile first goes into liver

A

bile canaliculi

286
Q

Bile flow in liver

A

bile canaliculi –> bile ductule –> bile ducts of portal area –> hepatic duct –> gall bladder

287
Q

The bile duct is lined by ______ epithelium.

A

simple cuboidal

288
Q

Which species do not have a gallbladder?

A

horses
rodents

289
Q

Term for “functional, exocrine definition for liver lobule, centered around bile duct”

A

portal lobule

290
Q

Portal lobule of the liver is _____ in shape with a _____ at its center.

A

triangular
portal area

291
Q

Bile from __ hepatic lobules drains into the bile duct of __ portal area.

A

3
1

292
Q

3 ways to define liver lobule

A
  1. hepatic lobule
  2. liver acinus
  3. portal lobule
293
Q

Definition of liver lobule based on structural arrangement

A

hepatic lobule

294
Q

Definition of liver lobule based on nutrient supply

A

liver acinus

295
Q

Definition of liver lobule based on bile flow

A

portal lobule

296
Q

What cell type of the liver forms the sinusoid wall, NO basal lamina, and rests on microvilli of hepatocyte?

A

endothelial cells

297
Q

What cell type in the liver is in sinusoid wall, monocytic, and tries to get rid of pathogens?

A

macrophages

298
Q

2 types of macrophages in liver

A
  1. kupffer cells
  2. stellate macrophages
299
Q

Term for “space between microvilli and endothelial cells in liver”

A

Space of Disse

300
Q

_____ extend into the Space of Disse and made sinusoids leaky.

A

Kupffer cells (macrophages)

301
Q

3 functions of the gall bladder

A
  1. stores bile
  2. concentrates bile
  3. releases bile (stim. by CCK)
302
Q

Gallbladder epithelium

A

simple columnar + microvilli

303
Q

(T/F) The gallbladder has NO lamina muscularis.

A

True

304
Q

Which species has simple tubuloalveolar glands in the lamina propria-submucosa of the gall bladder?

A

ruminants

305
Q

T. muscularis of the gallbladder is made of ____ muscle and is mostly (circular/longitudinal).

A

smooth
circular

306
Q

Does the gallbladder have a T. adventitia or T. serosa?

A

BOTH!
adventitia (facing liver)
serosa (facing peritoneal cavity)

307
Q

(T/F) Goblet cells are prevalent in the gall bladder.

A

False - no goblet cells!

308
Q

(T/F) The pancreas is a lobulated gland with a thin capsule.

A

True

309
Q

3 hormones produced by pancreas

A

insulin
glucagon
somatostatin

310
Q

Lymphatic organ in pancreas

A

pancreatic islets = Islets of Langerhans

311
Q

4 digestive enzymes produced by pancreas

A
  1. amylase
  2. protease
  3. lipase
  4. nuclease
312
Q

Acinar cells in the pancreas are (serous/mucous/seromucous) also known as ____ cells.

A

all serous
zymogen cells

313
Q

Enzymes of pancreas by acinar cells are produced (active/inactive) form.

A

inactive

314
Q

_____ cells line the acinar lumen of the pancreas and mark the beginning of the duct system.

A

centroacinar cells

315
Q

When ____ is produced by ____ cells of the duodenum, centroacinar cells produce what?

A

secretin
S cells
bicarbonate ion

316
Q

Pancreatic duct system flow

A

intercalated ducts –> intralobular ducts –> interlobular ducts –> pancreas duct + accessory pancreatic duct

Microanatomy (21 decks)

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