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Microanatomy > Exam 2: Nervous Tissue > Flashcards

Exam 2: Nervous Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

Which embryonic layer is nervous tissue derived from?

A

ectoderm

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2
Q

Cells from ectoderm that give rise to diverse variety of cells (especially nervous tissue)

A

Neural Crest Cells

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3
Q

Where are gray/white matter located in spinal cord?

A

Gray matter- inside
White matter- outside

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4
Q

Nissl substance

A

dark purple, clumped material in neuron cell bodies

made up of ribosomes & RER

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5
Q

Axon Hillock

A

where axon leaves cell body
absence of Nissl substance

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6
Q

Node of Ranvier

A

between two neurolemmocytes (Schwann cells)
no myelin –> saltatory conduction of AP

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7
Q

Endoneurium

A

layer of collagenous CT around individual nerve fibers (or axons)

reticular fibers (collagen type III)

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8
Q

Neurokeratin

A

protein of myelin sheath left after histo processing
striations/lines around axon

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9
Q

Perineurium

A

DICCT lined by perineural epithelioid cells and surrounds nerve fascicles

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10
Q

Plexus

A

branching network of intersecting nerves

nerve fibers + cell bodies of ANS

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11
Q

Myenteric Plexus

A

between intestine muscle layers
pale stain
function for motility / secretion

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12
Q

Submucosal Plexus

A

in submucosa of tubular organs
function for motility / secretion

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13
Q

Free Nerve Endings

A

unsheathed terminal branches of myelinated axons

pain/temperature receptors

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14
Q

Merkel’s cells

A

nonencapsulated tactile corpuscles
mechanoreceptors

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15
Q

How do Merkel’s cells appear on microscopy?

A

colorless

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16
Q

Merkel’s cells location

A

stratum basale

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17
Q

Encapsulated Tactile Corpuscles

A

capsule with intertwining axon in neurolemmocyte cytoplasm

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18
Q

Location of Encapsulated Tactile Corpuscles

A

below epithelium within connective tissue

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19
Q

Lamellated Corpuscles (Pacinian Corpuscles)

A

receptors sense pressure/vibration

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20
Q

Tactile Corpuscle

A

nerve endings
mechanoreceptors

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21
Q

Neuromuscular Spindles

A

stretch-activated receptors

regulate muscle tone, posture, movement

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22
Q

Two fiber types in neuromuscular spindles

A

Intrafusal nuclear chain fibers

nuclear bag fibers

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23
Q

Nuclear Bag Fibers

A

fiber in neuromuscular spindles

dilated middle zone w/ nuclei

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24
Q

Nuclear Chain Fibers

A

fiber in neuromuscular spindles

small w/ center nuclei chain

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25
Q

Motor End Plate

A

neuron terminals from neuron to muscle fiber

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26
Q

Neuroglia

A

supportive cells in CNS

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27
Q

Origin of neuroglia

A

neuroectoderm
EXCEPT microglia (mesoderm)

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28
Q

Which glial cell is most abdunant?

A

astrocyte

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29
Q

Where are astrocytes found?

A

gray matter = protoplasmic astrocyte
white matter = fibrous astrocyte

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30
Q

Where are oligodendrocytes found?

A

white & gray matter of CNS

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31
Q

Microglia

A

type of neuroglia
small/elongated nuclei | dense chromatin
phagocytic (macrophages)
main immune defense in CNS

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32
Q

What type of stain is the only method to show cell processes in microscopy?

A

heavy metal stain (gold or silver)

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33
Q

Fibrous Astrocytes

A

astrocytes in white matter
insert between myelinated axons

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34
Q

What structure is nearby most astrocytes?

A

capillary / blood vessel

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35
Q

What type of astrocytes are found in the gray matter in brain?

A

protoplasmic astrocytes

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36
Q

What type of astrocytes are found in the white matter of the brain?

A

fibrous astrocytes

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37
Q

Astrocyte function

A

metabolic role in regulationing ions (K+)

“scarring cells”
fill areas after brain injury
foot processes form glial limiting membrane

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38
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

neuroglial cells responsible for myelination of axons in white matter (in CNS)

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39
Q

Neurolemmocytes

A

aka “schwann cells”
neuroglial cells responsible for myelination of axons in PNS

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40
Q

Microglia

A

phagocytic / macrophages
immune defense

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41
Q

Ependymal cells

A

type of neuroglial cell
line central canal of spinal cord + brain ventricles

separate nervous tissue from CSF

42
Q

What tissue type are ependymal cells made of?

A

Simple Columnar Epithelium

some w/ cilia / microvilli

43
Q

Tanycytes

A

modified ependymal cells with long processes + apical CSF portion

44
Q

What is the function of tanycytes?

A

facilitate passage of hypothalamic-regulating hormones from CSF –> hypophyseal portal circulation

45
Q

Where are gray / white matter located in cerebrum/cerebellum?

A

white matter- inside
gray matter- outside

46
Q

Layers of the Cerebellum

A

Molecular layer
Purkinje layer
Granular layer

47
Q

Purkinje cells

A

make up purkinje layer in cerebellum
extend into molecular layer and receives excitatory impulses from cerebral cortex

48
Q

Cerebellum function

A

modulate/organize motor impulses from cerebrum
regulate/coordinate movements of muscle groups

49
Q

Meninges

A

connective tissue layers that surround brain & spinal cord

50
Q

Meninges Layers

A

dura mater
arachnoid
pia mater

51
Q

Dura Mater

A

outermost meninges layer
under bone of skull
DICCT lined w/ perineural epithelioid cells

52
Q

Arachnoid

A

middle meninges layer
collagen fibers + CT trabeculae

53
Q

Pia Mater

A

innermost meninges layer
tightly adhere to brain/spinal cord

54
Q

Subarachnoid space

A

space where arachnoid trabeculae extend filled with CSF

55
Q

Choroid Plexus

A

vascular structure projecting into brain ventricles
covered with modified ependymal cells
produces CSF

56
Q

What makes up the CNS?

A

brain + spinal cord

57
Q

What makes up PNS?

A

nerves, ganglia, receptors

58
Q

Function of CNS

A

interconnection & processing

59
Q

Function of PNS

A

sensory input (afferent) from receptors in skin, muscle, viscera

motor output (efferent) to viscera + muscle

60
Q

Somatic NS

A

voluntary motor
conscious sensory

61
Q

Visceral NS

A

involuntary motor
unconscious sensory

62
Q

Autonomic Nervous System

A

parts of CNS + PNS that are motor (efferent) to visceral activities

63
Q

Two divisions & locations of ANS

A

sympathetic: thoracolumbar
parasympathetic: craniosacral

64
Q

CNS dervied from…

A

neural tube

65
Q

PNS derived from…

A

neural crest cells

66
Q

Multipolar neurons

A

most of CNS, autonomic ganglia of PNS

off-center nuclei, multiple dendrites

67
Q

Bipolar neurons

A

spiral ganglion of cochlea, retina, sensory info –> CNS

68
Q

Pseudounipolar neurons

A

cranial and spinal sensory ganglia (dorsal root)

sensory into –> CNS

central nuclei/large soma

69
Q

Unipolar neurons

A

similar to pseudounipolar

70
Q

Interneurons

A

between other neurons

71
Q

Soma or Perikaryon

A

neuron cell body
support cell processes over loss distances

72
Q

Neurofilaments

A

neuron-specific intermediate filaments
in neuron cell body
support rapid transport & structural support

73
Q

Anterograde transport

A

molecules/organelles from cell body –> axon terminal
use motor protein kinesin

74
Q

Retrograde transport

A

back to cell body (of neuron)
for degrading lysosomes
use motor protein dynein

75
Q

Synapse Classifications by where contact occurs

A

axodendritic
axosomatic
axoaxonic

76
Q

Axodendritic synapse

A

contact on dendrites

77
Q

Axosomatic synapse

A

contact on cell body of postsynaptic neuron

78
Q

Axoaxonic synapse

A

contact on terminals of another axon

79
Q

Ganglia

A

group of cell bodies within nerve outside CNS

80
Q

Sensory/Dorsal Root Ganglia

A

pseudounipolar neurons
cell body at periphery (organized)
central nuclei
heavily myelinated axons
cell bodies encapsulated by satellite cells & CT

81
Q

Autonomic Ganglia

A

multi-unipolar neurons
disorganized appearance
thinly myelinated or unmyelinated axons
incomplete capsule around cell body made of satellite cells

“weblike” nerve fibers/axons

82
Q

What tissue type is a ganglion capsule made of?

A

Dense Irregular Collagenous CT

83
Q

Intramural Ganglia

A

in wall/connective tissue of organs
part of PSNS of ANS

84
Q

Glial Limiting Membrane

A

separates CT of pia mater from nerve cells
formed by foot processes of astrocytes

85
Q

Glial fibrillary acidic proteins

A

intermediate filaments in glial cells

86
Q

List of Glial Cells in CNS

A

astrocytes
oligodendrocytes
ependymal cells
microglia

87
Q

List of Glial Cells in PNS

A

satellite cells
neurolemmocytes (schwann cells)

88
Q

Satellite cells

A

form capsule around pseudounipolar neuron cell bodies in dorsal root ganglia

more less complete capsule around multipolar neuron of autonomic ganglia

89
Q

Myelin Sheath

A

multilayered myelinating cell membrane around axon (lots of lipids)

90
Q

Mesaxon

A

where edges of schwann cell come together around axon

91
Q

Unmyelinated nerve fibers (PNS)

A

aka axons in PNS
in autonomic ganglia
axons protected by schwann cells but plasmalemma specialized layers of myelin not formed

92
Q

Unmyelinated nerve fibers (CNS)

A

not sheathed at all, “free fibers”

93
Q

Lamellar Corpuscle location

A

skin, tendons, joints, periosteum of bone, pancreas, mesentery

94
Q

Encapsulated Tactile Corpuscle location

A

dermis of hairless skin, lips, nose

95
Q

Epineurium

A

CT around nerve and fascicles (bundles)

96
Q

Layers of Choroid Plexus

A

outer: loose CT continuous w/ pia mater
inner: simple cuboidal epithelium continuous w/ ependymal cells

97
Q

What’s in the white matter of spinal cord?

A

myelinated nerve fibers
neuroglial cells

98
Q

Somatic

A

voluntary motor
conscious sensory

99
Q

Visceral

A

involuntary motor
unconscious sensory

100
Q

ANS

A

parts of CNS & PNS that are motor (efferent) to visceral activities (smooth muscle, gland secretion, cardiac muscle)

101
Q

Sympathetic NS location

A

thoracolumbar

102
Q

Parasympathetic NS location

A

craniosacral

Microanatomy (21 decks)

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