Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Microanatomy > Exam 3: Lymphatic System > Flashcards

Exam 3: Lymphatic System Flashcards

1
Q

What lymphatic organ is only in ruminants?

A

Hemal (lymph) nodes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What lymphatic organ is only in avians?

A

Cloacal Bursa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How many lymph nodes do Avians have?

A

few to none

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the 3 functions of the Lymphatic System?

A
  1. Protect from endogenous/exogenous substances
    2.Primary defense system
    3.Secondary defense system
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How does the Lymphatic System function as a Primary Defense System?

A

Epithelial barriers prevent exogenous substances from getting in

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Gives examples of the epithelial barriers in the lymphatic primary defense system

A

Skin (epidermis)
CT of skin (dermis)
Epithelial lining of GI, resp, urogenital

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the Lymphatic System’s Secondary Defense System?

A

Lymphatic / Immune System
kicks in if substances get past primary defense

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Which embryonic tissue are most lymphatic structures derived from?

A

Mesoderm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What lymphatic structure is derived from endoderm?

A

Epithelial Reticular Cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Lymphocyte function

A

immune response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Immunocompotent

A

lymphocytes “remember problem”
leads to stronger effect next time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Antigen

A

substance that causes immune response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Examples of antigens

A

bacteria, virus, toxin, tumor cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the 2 types of lymphocytes?

A

T cells
B cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What lymphatic structure are T cells modified by?

A

Thymus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the function of T cells?

A

cell-mediated immune response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What occurs when T cells contact an antigen?

A

Produces lymphokines
lead to cell membrane lysing –> death

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What lymphatic structure are B cells modified by in birds?

A

Cloacal Bursa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What 2 lymphatic structures are B cells modified by in mammals?

A

bone marrow
Ileal Peyer’s Patch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the function of B cells?

A

humoral immune response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Where do lymphocytes go after development?

A

secondary lymphatic organs
(lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Primary/Central Lymphatic Organs of Avians

A

Thymus
Cloacal Bursa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Primary/Central Lymphatic Organs of Mammals

A

Thymus
Bone Marrow
Ileal Peyer’s Patch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is special about the development of lymphocytes in primary lymphatic organs?

A

Shielded from outside antigens
so don’t recognize bad things as normal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Examples of Secondary/Peripheral Lymphatic Organs

A

lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What are four cell types that are normally in every secondary lymphatic organ?

A

plasma cells
macrophages
reticular cells
lymphocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Stroma

A

network of reticular cells + reticular fibers in lymphatic organs
“supportive framework”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Reticular Cells

A

specialized fibroblasts that produce reticular fibers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Involution

A

concept that thymus gets smaller over time/with age b/c fewer cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What are the functions of the thymus?

A

T cell production
Humoral factors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What are two humoral factors in the thymus?

A

Thymosin
Thymopoietin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What is the function of humoral factors in the thymus?

A

stimulate bone marrow stem cells –> T cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Septa

A

sheet of tissue
make up capsule of thymus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Thymus has (complete/incomplete) lobules

A

incomplete lobules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What are the two parts of a thymic lobule?

A

Cortex (outer/darker)
Medulla (inner/lighter)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

List the structures in the cortex/medulla of thymus

A

T cells
Macrophages
Stroma (with epithelial reticular cells)
Thymic (Hassall’s) Corpuscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Are there more T cells in the cortex or medulla of the thymic lobules?

A

Cortex - because they are leaving!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Epithelial Reticular Cells

A

cells in stroma of thymic lobules
connected by desmosomes
surround T cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What is the function of epithelial reticular cells?

A

produce thymopoietin to influence T cell development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Are there reticular fibers in the stroma of the thymic lobules?

A

NO

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Thymic (Hassall’s) Corpuscles

A

laminated masses of epithelial reticular cells
unknown function
Larger = older animal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What two structures are characteristic of the Avian Thymus?

A

Thymic Corpuscles
Myoid Cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What is different about Thymic Corpuscles in the Avian compared to mammals?

A

“loose” aggregates of epithelial reticular cells
NOT tightly adhered

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Myoid Cells

A

in medulla of thymic lobule
unknown function
look like skeletal muscle in cross-section

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

What kind of capillaries are in the cortex of the thymus and what do they have?

A

continuous cortical capillaries
have blood-thymus barrier

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

What allows the thymus to shield developing T lymphocytes?

A

Blood-Thymus Barrier

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

List Layers of Blood-Thymus Barrier

A

capillary endothelium
basement membrane
connective tissue
basement membrane
epithelial reticular cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Lymph Vessels are ONLY (Afferent/Efferent)

A

Efferent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Cloaca

A

common chamber where GI, repro, urinary tracts empty in avians

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

What is the function of the Cloacal Bursa?

A

development of B lymphocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

What are the “folds” within the Cloacal Bursa?

A

Plicae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

What is the term for the cortex + medulla in the Cloacal Bursa?

A

Follicles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Does diffuse lymphatic tissue encounter antigens or not?

A

No recent antigen encounter, waiting to respond

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Primary Nodule

A

no germinal/active center
even texture, small lymphocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Secondary Nodule

A

responds to antigen
germinal center (immature center where lymphocytes react to antigen)
corona (darker, outer ring)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

Peyer’s Patch

A

aka mucosal aggregated lymphatic nodules
have pseudovilli domes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

Ileal Peyer’s Patch

A

in ileum of ruminants
primary lymphatic organ in ruminants
ONLY developing B cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

What lymphocytes are in tonsils and are they in contact or independent of antigens?

A

T & B cells
contact antigens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

Fossula

A

depressions in tonsil

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

Crypt

A

openings on tonsil after fossula

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

Follicle (or Tonsil)

A

= fossula + crypt

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

List 3 types of tonsils

A

Palatine
Pharyngeal
Lingual

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

What tissue type is palatine tonsil covered by?

A

Non-Keratinized Stratified Squamous Epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

Where are palatine tonsils located?

A

oral part of pharynx (dog)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

What tissue type covers the pharyngeal tonsils?

A

Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium w/ cilia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

What is the location of the pharyngeal tonsils?

A

nasal part of pharynx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

What tissue type covers the lingual tonsils?

A

Keratinized Stratified Squamous Epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

Where are lingual tonsils located?

A

root of tongue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

Where is tubal tonsil located?

A

nasopharynx where auditory tube goes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

What is lymph?

A

fluid that leaks into interstitial spaces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

Which 3 structures have no lymph?

A

brain
spinal cord
retina of eye

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

Name 2 ducts in the lymph vessel system

A

Thoracic duct
Right Lymphatic duct

73
Q

Lymph Nodes are (primary/secondary) lymphatic organs

A

secondary

74
Q

What are the two functions of lymph nodes?

A

Filter lymph
Immune response

75
Q

What is different about swine lymph nodes?

A

Opposite lymph flow
flows from center –> periphery

76
Q

What 2 tissue types are lymph node capsules made of?

A

DICCT or Loose CT

77
Q

What is the term for spicules/indentations of capsule into the lymph node?

A

Trabeculae

78
Q

Apart from cortex/medulla, what other layer is in the lymph node?

A

Paracortex

79
Q

What the paracortex of the lymph node?

A

area of more distributed T cells

80
Q

What are two unique structures in the medulla of the lymph node?

A

medullary cord
medullary sinuses

81
Q

What is present in the medulla cord of the lymph node?

A

lots of plasma cells

82
Q

What is the medullary sinus in the lymph node?

A

space between cords where lymph is located

83
Q

What is the hilus of the lymph node

A

indentation where vessels come & leave

84
Q

Explain lymph flow in a lymph node

A

afferent lymph nodes –> subscapular sinus –> cortical sinus –> medullary sinuses –> efferent lymph node

85
Q

What causes enlargement of lymph nodes?

A

proliferation of T & B cells during infection

86
Q

What is different about equine lymph nodes?

A

have many, smaller lymph nodes

87
Q

What is the only lobulated lymphatic organ?

A

thymus

88
Q

(T/F) The thymus has lymphatic nodules.

A

False

89
Q

What are areas in the Peyer’s Patch with T cells called?

A

Thymus-dependent zones

90
Q

Where are M cells located?

A

Peyer’s Patch (aggregated lymphatic nodules)

91
Q

What is the function of M cells?

A

“sampling” antigens from lumen selectively for lymphocytes to test

92
Q

Which lymphatic organ is the only one which afferent lymph vessels?

A

lymph node

93
Q

What are the sinuses in the lymph node lined by? What is unique about them for their function?

A

endothelium
big gaps so lymph percolates

94
Q

Paracortex (thymus-dependent zone)

A

region where cortex is continuous with medulla and T cells predominate

95
Q

What is the function of reticular cells in lymph node?

A

span sinuses to slow lymph flow and divert it to contact other cells within lymph node

96
Q

What do macrophages contain in lymph nodes on occasion?

A

hemosiderin

97
Q

What is hemosiderin?

A

product of hemoglobin broken down by macrophages in lymph nodes (recycled RBC)

98
Q

What kind of tissue surrounds the lymph node (outside capsule)? And what structures are within it?

A

adipose tissue
lymph vessels

99
Q

Foreign Body Giant Cells

A

multinucleated, pale-staining macrophages in lymph node that ingest foreign material

100
Q

What is significant about plasma cells near foreign body giant cells?

A

negative golgi image
basophilic cytoplasm

101
Q

What type of animals are Hemal Nodes found in?

A

ruminants only

102
Q

Hemal nodes have _____ instead of lymph vessels.

A

RBC | large blood supply

103
Q

What two types of tissue make up the hemal node capsule?

A

DICCT + smooth muscle

104
Q

Function of lymph node

A

“surveillance system”
filters/monitors what’s in lymph before going back into vasculature

105
Q

Where are hemal nodes located?

A

any place where lymph nodes are
most common- paralumbar fossa

106
Q

(T/F) Hemal Nodes have lymphatic nodules

A

True
1-2 scattered nodules

107
Q

Function of Hemal Nodes

A

filter blood
immune response to antigen in blood

108
Q

(T/F) Hemal Nodes have a cortex and medulla

A

False
only lymphatic nodules, not organized into cortex/medulla

109
Q

What are the 3 functions of the spleen?

A

Produce blood cells in embryo
RBC/platelet reservoir
Blood filter

110
Q

The spleen is a (primary/secondary) lymphatic organ that is (independent/dependent) of antigen.

A

Secondary
Dependent

111
Q

How is the spleen filter blood? (2 ways)

A

destroy old RBC (recovery iron)
immune response (T + B cells)

112
Q

What structure covers the spleen?

A

tunica serosa

113
Q

What’s another name for tunica serosa on spleen?

A

visceral peritoneum

114
Q

What two layers is the tunica serosa of the spleen made up of?

A

mesothelium + lamina propria (CT layer)

115
Q

What two tissues is the capsule of spleen made of?

A

DICCT + smooth muscle

116
Q

White pulp of spleen

A

where lymphocytes are

117
Q

periarterial lymphatic sheath

A

(where T cells are) where T cells infiltrate artery/arteriole in spleen

118
Q

Red pulp

A

everything around white pulp in spleen

119
Q

Splenic Cords

A

everything between venous sinuses in the red pulp of the spleen

120
Q

Venous sinuses

A

spaces in red pulp

121
Q

Marginal Zone

A

junction of red & white pulp in spleen

122
Q

Function of Marginal Zone in spleen

A

where blood flow slows so T & B cells can contact antigen in white pulp

123
Q

Where does antigen-cell interaction take place in spleen?

A

marginal zone

124
Q

What two cell types are in the marginal zone?

A

macrophages + lymphocytes

125
Q

Order of Splenic Circulation

A

aorta –> celiac A –> splenic A –> trabecular A –> artery of the white pulp

126
Q

Which lymphocyte dominates in the white pulp?

A

B cells

127
Q

(T/F) The spleen has lymphatic nodules.

A

True

128
Q

Once the splenic artery branches, it becomes ______ artery.

A

trabecular

129
Q

Open theory

A

blood enters right into splenic cord from terminal capillaries and blood percolates to get to venous sinuses

130
Q

Closed theory

A

terminal capillaries empty directly into venous sinuses

131
Q

Fusiform Endothelial Cells

A

very long endothelial cells lining of venous sinuses with gaps so RBC can get into venous side of circulation

132
Q

The spleen has only (afferent/efferent) lymph vessels. It (receives/produces) lymph.

A

efferent
produces

133
Q

Differences in avian spleen

A

no lymphatic nodules form (unless diseased state)

134
Q

What two cell types are present in the splenic cord?

A

plasma cells + macrophages

135
Q

What occurs in the spleen when B lymphocytes are stimulated?

A

nodules form

136
Q

What occurs in the spleen when T lymphocytes are stimulated?

A

thickening of periarterial lymphatic sheath (where T cells predominate)

137
Q

(T/F) Macrophages are immunocompetent (can remember).

A

False

138
Q

Arterial Penicillus

A

terminal portion / branching from artery of the white pulp

139
Q

Ellipsoid (sheathed capillary)

A

reticular cells + macrophages
RBC forced through space between and pulls out anything abnormal for macrophages to degrade

140
Q

Thick smooth muscle in capsule + trabeculae contracted indicates the ______ theory.

A

closed (because so close to venous sinuses)

141
Q

When smooth muscle in capsule + trabeculae is relaxed, this indicates ____ theory.

A

closed (percolates b/c further from venous sinuses)

142
Q

Annular Reticular Fibers

A

supportive fibers that surround fusiform endothelial cells in venous sinus

143
Q

What cell type is in the venous sinuses that help degrade RBC if they cannot get through the fusiform endothelial cell gaps?

A

macrophages

144
Q

Venous side of circulation in spleen (mechanism of movement)

A

red pulp vein –> trabecular vein –> splenic vein –> portal vein to liver

145
Q

Sinusal vs. Nonsinusal Spleen

A

smooth muscle in sinuses in ruminants = not technically sinusal so NONSINUSAL

146
Q

What is different about the avian spleen?

A

on right side of stomach
NO lymphatic nodules or trabeculae from capsule
ellipsoid has simple cuboidal lining

147
Q

Mononuclear phagocytes

A

phagocytic cell with consistently shaped nucleus

148
Q

Polymorphonuclear Phagocytes

A

= neutrophil | many forms of the nucleus

149
Q

Mononuclear Phagocytes

A

macrophages (have consistently shaped nucleus

149
Q

Two cell times that derived from the monocyte-macrophage system

A

mononuclear phagocytes
polymorphonuclear

150
Q

Monocytes derive sinus-associated cells which can differentiate into what 4 types of macrophages?

A

splenic
lymph node
bone marrow
liver

151
Q

Monocytes derive into what 4 cell groups?

A

Sinus-associated cells
Free cells
Antigen processing cells
Tissue cells

152
Q

What 2 macrophages types arise from “free cell” lineage of monocyte?

A

Serous membrane
alveolar

153
Q

What cells arise from antigen processing cells from monocyte lineage? (5)

A

M cells
interdigitating cells
follicular dendritic cells
reticular dendritic cells
veiled cells

154
Q

What 4 cell types derive from tissue cell category of monocyte lineage?

A

connective tissue macrophages
mesangial cells (kidney)
microglia (CNS)
osteoclasts

155
Q

Term for elevation in monocytes

A

Monocytosis

156
Q

Dendritic cells

A

“tree-like” branching dendritic processes

157
Q

Dendritic cell functions (2)

A

-bind antigen on surface
-retain antigens for long periods

158
Q

Follicular dendritic cells location

A

B cells areas (germinal centers)

159
Q

Interdigitating cells location

A

T cell areas (proliferating)

160
Q

Veiled cells location

A

afferent lymph vessels + sinuses of lymph nodes

161
Q

Reticular dendritic cells (“clear cells” or Langerhans) location

A

stratified epithelia

162
Q

M cell location

A

aggregated lymphatic nodules (Peyer’s patches) + tonsils

163
Q

M cell function

A

upside-down cup open to lymphocyte/macrophages and bring antigens in for “sampling”

164
Q

T cells make up __% circulating lymphocytes in blood, B cells __% and the other __% are made up by ___.

A

70
20
Natural Killer (NK) cells

165
Q

Natural Killer (NK) Cell Function

A

recognize body’s own cells that become tumors / abnormal growth
produce chemicals similar to T cells

166
Q

(T/F) NK Cells are immunocompetent.

A

False

167
Q

What is prominent in NK cells?

A

azurophilic granules on the lymphocyte

168
Q

Killer (cytotoxic) T cells

A

produce lymphokines when in contact with antigen (destroy abnormal cells)

169
Q

T cell reverts into ________ when it comes into contact with antigen and becomes _______.

A

Lymphoblast
immature

170
Q

List the 4 “clones” a lymphoblast divides into.

A

Killer (cytotoxic) T cell
T memory cell
Helper T cell
Suppressor T cell

171
Q

T memory cells

A

recognize antigen so when encountered again, faster/greater response at next encounter

172
Q

Helper T cells

A

help B cells when they encounter antigen

173
Q

Suppressor T cell

A

make chemical suppressor substances which keep immune system from going overboard and harming body

174
Q

Blast transformation

A

when T & B lymphocytes undergo process back to immature form when encounter antigen

175
Q

B cells when encounter antigen form what 2 cell “clone” types?

A

plasma cells
B memory cells

176
Q

B memory cells

A

remember antigen, faster/greater response

177
Q

Lymphocytopoiesis

A

process of lymphoblast to get progressively smaller

178
Q

Antigenic/immunological surveillance

A

circulation and recirculation allow lymphocytes to go anywhere in body
“lymphocyte patrol”

Microanatomy (21 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions