Exam 4: Respiratory System Flashcards
The conducting + conditioning airways are the from ______ to the ______.
Nasal Cavity –> Bronchioles
What is the function of the conducting + conditioning airways?
get air to alveoli in a form which is optimal for gas exchange
What two structures make up the intrapulmonary conducting + conditioning airways?
bronchi + bronchioles
What are the 3 functions of alveoli?
Exchange O2/CO2 between blood/air
Acid-base balance
Convert Angiotensin I –> Angiotensin II
What are the 2 parts of the nasal cavity?
nasal vestibule
nasal cavity proper
What is the Nasal Vestibule + function?
initial part of nasal cavity
blocks debris from getting in
What is the tissue type that lines the Nasal Vestibule? What does it transition to?
thin stratified squamous epithelium –> transitions to non-keratinized stratified squamous
What tissue type + gland type is present in the dermis of the Nasal Vestibule?
Loose CT + serous glands
What is the function of the serous glands in the nasal vestibule?
humidify dry, inspired air
What structures are within the nasal cavity proper?
nasal conchae
Nasal Conchae
thin scrolls of bone
What two types of mucosa are within the Nasal Cavity Proper?
Tunica mucosa-submucosa
Olfactory Tunica mucosa
What tissue type is considering the “Respiratory Epithelium”
Pseudostratified columnar w/ cilia + goblet cells
What tissue type lines the tunica mucosa-submucosa of the nasal cavity proper?
Pseudostratified columnar w/ cilia + goblet cells
The lamina propria-submucosa of the Tunica mucosa-submucosa of the nasal cavity proper is (avascular/vascular) with (seromucous/mucous/serous) glands.
vascular
seromucous
Why is the lamina propria-submucosa vascular in the nasal cavity proper?
to transfer heat to warm inspired air
What tunic covers conchae in the nasal cavity proper?
Olfactory tunica mucosa
Where is smell detected?
olfactory tunica mucosa
The olfactory tunica mucosa consists of olfactory epithelium made of _______ and lamina propria-submucosa.
pseudostratified columnar w/ cilia + goblet cells
and bipolar neurons
Olfactory glands
serous glands in the lamina propria-submucosa of the olfactory tunica mucosa
What is the olfactory nerve made up of?
nonmyelinated nerve fibers
What 5 cell types are present within respiratory epithelium?
basal cells
ciliated cells
goblet cells
brush cells
unnamed cells
Basal cell location
along basement membrane
Basal cell function
replace other cell types
Ciliated cell function
move mucous secreted by goblet cells to opening to rid of it
Goblet cell function
secrete mucous
Brush cells
flat, wide microvilli
near sensory nerve endings
Function of Brush Cells
sensory receptors for nervous sytem
What structure is prominent in the “unnamed cells” of the respiratory epithelium?
smooth ER
Function of unnamed cell
metabolize xenobiotic compounds
detoxification
What 2 cell types are unique to olfactory epithelium?
neurosensory cells
sustentacular cells
What are neurosensory cells?
bipolar neurons of the olfactory nerve
List order of bronchial tree
Trachea –> primary bronchi –> lobar bronchi –> segmental bronchi –> bronchi
What are the 3 tunics of the trachea/bronchi?
Tunica mucosa-submucosa
Tunica musculocartilaginea
Tunica adventitia
What 2 cell types are unique to the tunica mucosa-submucosa of the trachea/bronchi?
Neuroendocrine cells
Clara cells
What is the function of clara cells?
produce phospholipid similar to surfactant
reduce surface tension
Lamina propria-submucosa of the tunica mucosa-submucosa of the trachea/bronchi have many _____ fibers and _____ glands.
elastic
seromucous glands (tracheal)
The tunica musculocartilaginea of the trachea/bronchi opens (ventrally/dorsally) and the _____ M attaches to the ends of the cartilage.
dorsally
Trachealis M
What tissue type is the tunica adventitia of the trachea/bronchi made of that blends in with surrounding connective tissue?
DICCT
What changes with a decrease in size of bronchi? (4)
Decrease epithelial height
Decrease seromucous glands
Decrease cartilage
Increase smooth muscle
What two things are not present in bronchioles that allows them to differ from bronchi?
no cartilage
no glands
What tissue type makes up bronchioles? Which does it transition to?
simple columnar –> simple cuboidal
Terminal Bronchiole
last purely conducting airway
NO gas exchange!
What two cell types are in terminal bronchioles?
ciliated cells
clara cells (bronchiolar exocrine cells)
Respiratory bronchiole
bronchiole w/ some alveoli
= “transition zone”
What does “transition zone” mean?
transitioning from conditioning airway to gas exchange airway
Alveolar ducts
passageways lined with only alveoli
Alveolar sacs
end clusters that terminate branch (end of airway)
Function of Alveoli
gas exchange
Alveolar pores
connection between alveoli where air can pass through
Interalveolar septa
walls of alveolus
What is the function of elastic in alveoli?
for passive gas exchange/exhalation
What are 3 special cell types found in alveolar epithelium?
Type I cells
Type II cells
Alveolar macrophages
Which cell type is most abundant in alveolar epithelium?
Type I cells
What tissue type do Type I cells form?
simple squamous epithelium
What do Type I cells rest on in alveoli?
continuous basement membrane
What is another name for Type II cells?
Great Alveolar cells
Type II cells are simple (squamous/cuboidal) cells.
Cuboidal
Type II cell function
product surfactant –> reduce surface tension
Alveolar Macrophage function
rid of debris that could cause inflammation/impede gas exchange
Blood-Air Barrier
structures that gases have to pass through from blood to alveolar space
What are the 3 parts of the Blood-Air Barrier?
Type I cells
Basement membrane
Capillary endothelium
