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Microanatomy > Exam 4: Eye > Flashcards

Exam 4: Eye Flashcards

1
Q

What is the term for the eyeball?

A

bulbus oculi

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2
Q

What are the 3 tunics of the eyeball? (outer –> inner)

A

fibrous tunic
vascular tunic
internal tunic

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3
Q

What 3 structures made up the fibrous tunic of the eyeball?

A

Sclera
Cornea
Cornea Limbus

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4
Q

The cornea is (vascular/avascular). Why?

A

avascular
need clarity for vision!

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5
Q

What are the 5 layers of the cornea?

A
  1. Anterior epithelium (corneal)
  2. Anterior limiting membrane
  3. Substantia propria
  4. Posterior limiting membrane
  5. Posterior epithelium (corneal)
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6
Q

What tissue type is the anterior epithelium of the cornea (corneal epithelium) made of?

A

nonkeratinized stratified squamous
+ free nerve endings

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7
Q

What disease occurs with damage to the anterior epithelium of the cornea?

A

corneal ulcer

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8
Q

What covers the anterior epithelium of the cornea?

A

tear film produced by serous/mucous glands

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9
Q

What is the anterior limiting membrane of the cornea considered?

A

basement membrane of corneal epithelium

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10
Q

What is another name for the substantia propria?

A

stroma

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11
Q

What tissue type is the substantia propria made of in the cornea and what is unique about it?

A

DICCT but fibers are within same orientation within each layer (but differ between layers)

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12
Q

________ (type of cells) are present in the stroma/substantia propria.

A

Keratocytes

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13
Q

Function of keratocytes

A

maintain proper hydration to maintain clarity

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14
Q

What is another name for the Posterior Limiting Membrane of the cornea?

A

Descement’s Membrane

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15
Q

What is the posterior limiting membrane of the cornea considered to be?

A

basement membrane of substantia propria

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16
Q

What kind of fibers are present in the posterior limiting membrane?

A

collagen

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17
Q

What kind of cells produce the posterior limiting membrane?

A

posterior epithelial cells

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18
Q

What is a descemetocele?

A

when fluid pushes out on posterior limiting membrane and eye is close to perforating

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19
Q

What tissue type makes up the posterior epithelium of the cornea?

A

simple squamous –> low simple cuboidal

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20
Q

Posterior epithelium has cells that contain numerous _____.

A

mitochondria

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21
Q

What is the function of the posterior epithelium of the cornea?

A

maintain corneal transparency

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22
Q

What tissue type makes up the Sclera? Fiber orientation?

A

DICCT (transverse/oblique fibers between longitudinal fibers)

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23
Q

What two layers are on top of the Sclera?

A

Bulbar sheath
Bulbar conjunctiva

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24
Q

the bulbar sheath that covers the Sclera is made of ______.

A

fascia

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25
Q

What is another name for Bulbar Sheath?

A

Tenon’s Capsule

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26
Q

Which layer of the Sclera is the outermost?

A

Bulbar conjunctiva

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27
Q

What is the area cribrosa?

A

area of sclera perforated by CN II axons that pass through to form Optic N

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28
Q

What is the Cornea Limbus?

A

corneoscleral junction (between cornea + sclera)

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29
Q

What is another name for the vascular tunic of the eyeball?

A

uvea

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30
Q

What are the 3 parts of the vascular tunic of the eyeball?

A

choroid
ciliary body
iris

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31
Q

4 parts/layers of the choroid

A

vascular layer
tapetum lucidum
choriocapillary layer
basal complex (Bruch’s membrane)

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32
Q

What is the function of the Tapetum Lucidum?

A

reflects light back that passes through retina to maximize light perception in low light

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33
Q

Which domestic animal does not have a Tapetum Lucidum?

A

pig

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34
Q

Choriocapillary layer

A

layer of capillaries right next to retina

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35
Q

Basal complex (Bruch’s membrane)

A

thick basement membrane between capillaries in choroid

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36
Q

What kind of cells are present in the Basal complex?

A

pigment epithelial cells

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37
Q

Function of Basal complex

A

acts as “blood-brain barrier” to protect eye and maintain function

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38
Q

Ruminants and horses have a _____ tapetum.

A

fibrous

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39
Q

The posterior surface of the ciliary body is covered by 2 layers of epithelial cells called:

A

pars ciliaris retinae

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40
Q

Where does the ciliary body begin?

A

ora serrata (serrated edge)

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41
Q

Ciliary processes from the Ciliary Body project into the posterior chamber and produce:

A

aqueous humor

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42
Q

Where the zonular fibers attach?

A

ciliary processes

43
Q

What is the function of zonular fibers?

A

suspend the lens

44
Q

What is the function of the ciliary muscle?

A

contraction –> less tension on lens –> more convex (rounded) and focuses light differently onto retina

45
Q

Accommodation

A

lens changes to where detail is perceived the best

46
Q

Where do the anterior and posterior chambers of the eye communicate?

A

the pupil

47
Q

What two muscles are present in the iris? SNS or PSNS control?

A

Sphincter - PSNS
Dilator pupillae - SNS

48
Q

What separates the anterior chamber from posterior chamber of the eye?

A

iris

49
Q

Stroma of the iris is (vascular/avascular) and many _____ (cell type).

A

vascular
melanocytes

50
Q

What are the 2 layers of iris epithelium called?

A

pars iridica retinae

51
Q

Iridic granules (= corpora nigra) + function

A

projections on iris
function: protects retina when sun at low levels in sky

52
Q

Iridocorneal angle

A

where aqueous humor drains from eye

53
Q

What causes glaucoma?

A

failure to drain aqueous humor from iridocorneal angle

54
Q

Pectinate ligament

A

has “Spaces of Fontana” where aqueous humor drains to scleral venous system

55
Q

What is another name for the internal tunic of the eyeball?

A

retina

56
Q

What is the blind part of the retina called? What 2 things make it up?

A

pars ceca retinae =
pars ciliaris retinae + pars iridica retinae

57
Q

Where does the Pars Optica Retinae layer of the Internal Tunic begin?

A

ora serrata (serrated edge) point that separates blind vs. optic part of retina

58
Q

______ epithelium is present in the Pars Optica Retinae of the Internal Tunic of the eye

A

retinal pigment epithelium

59
Q

What are considered first order neurons (in the internal tunic)?

A

rods + cones (photoreceptors)

60
Q

What are considered second order neurons?

A

bipolar neurons

61
Q

What are considered third order neurons?

A

ganglion cells

62
Q

Other than 1st - 3rd order neurons, what 3 cell types are in the Pars Optica Retinae of the Internal Tunic?

A

radial glial (muller) cells
horizontal cells
amacrine cells

63
Q

Function of radial glial (muller) cells

A

connect peripherally + centrally to outer and inner limiting membranes by adhering junction (tight barrier for cell support)

64
Q

Where are horizontal and amacrine cells located?

A

inner nuclear layer

65
Q

Function of horizontal + amacrine cells

A

interneurons that regulate action potentials (through order neurons)

66
Q

________ is present in the Retinal Pigment Epithelium except over the Tapetum Lucidum.

A

melanin

67
Q

What is the function of melanin in the retinal pigment epithelium?

A

transport nutrients, block stray light
phagocytize old rods/cones after waking up

68
Q

What is the area for the most acute vision (more cones, fewer vessels)?

A

Area centralis retina

69
Q

The lens is between the ____ and the ____.

A

iris and the vitreous body

70
Q

The lens is (biconvex/biconcave).

A

biconvex

71
Q

Two parts of the lens

A

capsule + lens epithelium

72
Q

What tissue type is the lens epithelium?

A

simple cuboidal epithelium

73
Q

What is Nuclear Sclerosis?

A

where the lens becomes cloudy with age but no effect on functional vision

74
Q

What is the visual pigment in Rods?

A

Rhodopsin

75
Q

Rods are better for (bright/dim) light vision and cones are better for (bright/dim) light vision.

A

dim
light

76
Q

Axons of ______ form CN II (Optic N).

A

ganglion cells

77
Q

Lens epithelium differentiates into lens fibers at ________.

A

lens equator

78
Q

Any area of lens opacity =

A

cataract

79
Q

Zonular fibers are similar to _____ fibers.

A

elastic

80
Q

What make up the components of the vitreous body?

A

99% water
1% hyaluronic acid
collagen fibrils

81
Q

Adnexa

A

structures that surround the eye (glands, eyelids)

82
Q

What tissue type is the adnexa of the eye made of?

A

thin keratinized stratified squamous (+ apocrine, sebaceous glands, hair follicles)

83
Q

What is another term for eyelashes?

A

cilia

84
Q

What is the inner surface of the adnexa called?

A

palpebral conjunctiva

85
Q

What tissue type makes up the palpebral conjunctiva?

A

non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium + goblet cells (rested on CT)

86
Q

What kind of glands are present in the margin of the eyelid?

A

tarsal (meibomian) glands

87
Q

What is the tarsal plate?

A

plate of collagen that embeds/stiffens tarsal gland (so act like “windshield”)

88
Q

What is ectropion?

A

dysfunction of tarsal plate (= drooping eyelids)

89
Q

What is another name for the third eyelid?

A

nictitating membrane

90
Q

Third eyelid is covered by ______ and has a core of _____.

A

conjunctiva
elastic

91
Q

What kind of gland is present in the nicitating membrane?

A

superficial gland of the third eyelid

92
Q

What is Cherry Eye?

A

inflammation of the superficial gland of the third eyelid where palpebra conjunctiva is pushed out

93
Q

List the 10 layers of the retina (outer –> inner)

A

Retinal Pigment Epithelium
Layer of Rods + Cones
External Limiting Membrane
Outer Nuclear Layer
Outer Plexiform Layer
Inner Nuclear Layer
Inner Plexiform Layer
Ganglion Cell Layer
Optic Nerve Fiber Layer
Internal Limiting Membrane

94
Q

What is present in the Retinal Pigment Epithelium of the Retina? Function?

A

supportive cells
physical/nutritional support to rods/cones

95
Q

What is present in the Layer of Rods + Cones of Retina?

A

outer and inner segments of rods + cones

96
Q

What is present in the Outer Nuclear Layer of the Retina?

A

nuclei of rods + cones

97
Q

What is present in the Outer Plexiform Layer of the Retina?

A

synapse of rods/cones & bipolar neurons

98
Q

What is present in the Inner Nuclear Layer of the Retina?

A

mainly nuclei of bipolar neurons, amacrine cells, horizontal cells

99
Q

What is present in the Inner Plexiform Layer of the Retina?

A

axons of bipolar cells synapse on dendrites of ganglion cells

100
Q

What is present in the Ganglion Cell Layer of the Retina?

A

a few cell bodies of ganglion cells

101
Q

What is present in the Optic Nerve Fiber Layer of the Retina?

A

axons from ganglion cells

102
Q

What is present in the Internal Limiting Membrane of the Retina?

A

one end of radial glial/Mueller cell processes

103
Q

What is the function of the Internal Limiting Membrane of the Retina?

A

retina stabilization

Microanatomy (21 decks)

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