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Microanatomy > Exam 4: Eye > Flashcards

Exam 4: Eye Flashcards

1
Q

What is the term for the eyeball?

A

bulbus oculi

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2
Q

What are the 3 tunics of the eyeball? (outer –> inner)

A

fibrous tunic
vascular tunic
internal tunic

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3
Q

What 3 structures made up the fibrous tunic of the eyeball?

A

Sclera
Cornea
Cornea Limbus

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4
Q

The cornea is (vascular/avascular). Why?

A

avascular
need clarity for vision!

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5
Q

What are the 5 layers of the cornea?

A
  1. Anterior epithelium (corneal)
  2. Anterior limiting membrane
  3. Substantia propria
  4. Posterior limiting membrane
  5. Posterior epithelium (corneal)
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6
Q

What tissue type is the anterior epithelium of the cornea (corneal epithelium) made of?

A

nonkeratinized stratified squamous
+ free nerve endings

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7
Q

What disease occurs with damage to the anterior epithelium of the cornea?

A

corneal ulcer

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8
Q

What covers the anterior epithelium of the cornea?

A

tear film produced by serous/mucous glands

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9
Q

What is the anterior limiting membrane of the cornea considered?

A

basement membrane of corneal epithelium

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10
Q

What is another name for the substantia propria?

A

stroma

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11
Q

What tissue type is the substantia propria made of in the cornea and what is unique about it?

A

DICCT but fibers are within same orientation within each layer (but differ between layers)

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12
Q

________ (type of cells) are present in the stroma/substantia propria.

A

Keratocytes

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13
Q

Function of keratocytes

A

maintain proper hydration to maintain clarity

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14
Q

What is another name for the Posterior Limiting Membrane of the cornea?

A

Descement’s Membrane

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15
Q

What is the posterior limiting membrane of the cornea considered to be?

A

basement membrane of substantia propria

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16
Q

What kind of fibers are present in the posterior limiting membrane?

A

collagen

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17
Q

What kind of cells produce the posterior limiting membrane?

A

posterior epithelial cells

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18
Q

What is a descemetocele?

A

when fluid pushes out on posterior limiting membrane and eye is close to perforating

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19
Q

What tissue type makes up the posterior epithelium of the cornea?

A

simple squamous –> low simple cuboidal

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20
Q

Posterior epithelium has cells that contain numerous _____.

A

mitochondria

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21
Q

What is the function of the posterior epithelium of the cornea?

A

maintain corneal transparency

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22
Q

What tissue type makes up the Sclera? Fiber orientation?

A

DICCT (transverse/oblique fibers between longitudinal fibers)

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23
Q

What two layers are on top of the Sclera?

A

Bulbar sheath
Bulbar conjunctiva

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24
Q

the bulbar sheath that covers the Sclera is made of ______.

A

fascia

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25
What is another name for Bulbar Sheath?
Tenon's Capsule
26
Which layer of the Sclera is the outermost?
Bulbar conjunctiva
27
What is the area cribrosa?
area of sclera perforated by CN II axons that pass through to form Optic N
28
What is the Cornea Limbus?
corneoscleral junction (between cornea + sclera)
29
What is another name for the vascular tunic of the eyeball?
uvea
30
What are the 3 parts of the vascular tunic of the eyeball?
choroid ciliary body iris
31
4 parts/layers of the choroid
vascular layer tapetum lucidum choriocapillary layer basal complex (Bruch's membrane)
32
What is the function of the Tapetum Lucidum?
reflects light back that passes through retina to maximize light perception in low light
33
Which domestic animal does not have a Tapetum Lucidum?
pig
34
Choriocapillary layer
layer of capillaries right next to retina
35
Basal complex (Bruch's membrane)
thick basement membrane between capillaries in choroid
36
What kind of cells are present in the Basal complex?
pigment epithelial cells
37
Function of Basal complex
acts as "blood-brain barrier" to protect eye and maintain function
38
Ruminants and horses have a _____ tapetum.
fibrous
39
The posterior surface of the ciliary body is covered by 2 layers of epithelial cells called:
pars ciliaris retinae
40
Where does the ciliary body begin?
ora serrata (serrated edge)
41
Ciliary processes from the Ciliary Body project into the posterior chamber and produce:
aqueous humor
42
Where the zonular fibers attach?
ciliary processes
43
What is the function of zonular fibers?
suspend the lens
44
What is the function of the ciliary muscle?
contraction --> less tension on lens --> more convex (rounded) and focuses light differently onto retina
45
Accommodation
lens changes to where detail is perceived the best
46
Where do the anterior and posterior chambers of the eye communicate?
the pupil
47
What two muscles are present in the iris? SNS or PSNS control?
Sphincter - PSNS Dilator pupillae - SNS
48
What separates the anterior chamber from posterior chamber of the eye?
iris
49
Stroma of the iris is (vascular/avascular) and many _____ (cell type).
vascular melanocytes
50
What are the 2 layers of iris epithelium called?
pars iridica retinae
51
Iridic granules (= corpora nigra) + function
projections on iris function: protects retina when sun at low levels in sky
52
Iridocorneal angle
where aqueous humor drains from eye
53
What causes glaucoma?
failure to drain aqueous humor from iridocorneal angle
54
Pectinate ligament
has "Spaces of Fontana" where aqueous humor drains to scleral venous system
55
What is another name for the internal tunic of the eyeball?
retina
56
What is the blind part of the retina called? What 2 things make it up?
pars ceca retinae = pars ciliaris retinae + pars iridica retinae
57
Where does the Pars Optica Retinae layer of the Internal Tunic begin?
ora serrata (serrated edge) point that separates blind vs. optic part of retina
58
______ epithelium is present in the Pars Optica Retinae of the Internal Tunic of the eye
retinal pigment epithelium
59
What are considered first order neurons (in the internal tunic)?
rods + cones (photoreceptors)
60
What are considered second order neurons?
bipolar neurons
61
What are considered third order neurons?
ganglion cells
62
Other than 1st - 3rd order neurons, what 3 cell types are in the Pars Optica Retinae of the Internal Tunic?
radial glial (muller) cells horizontal cells amacrine cells
63
Function of radial glial (muller) cells
connect peripherally + centrally to outer and inner limiting membranes by adhering junction (tight barrier for cell support)
64
Where are horizontal and amacrine cells located?
inner nuclear layer
65
Function of horizontal + amacrine cells
interneurons that regulate action potentials (through order neurons)
66
________ is present in the Retinal Pigment Epithelium except over the Tapetum Lucidum.
melanin
67
What is the function of melanin in the retinal pigment epithelium?
transport nutrients, block stray light phagocytize old rods/cones after waking up
68
What is the area for the most acute vision (more cones, fewer vessels)?
Area centralis retina
69
The lens is between the ____ and the ____.
iris and the vitreous body
70
The lens is (biconvex/biconcave).
biconvex
71
Two parts of the lens
capsule + lens epithelium
72
What tissue type is the lens epithelium?
simple cuboidal epithelium
73
What is Nuclear Sclerosis?
where the lens becomes cloudy with age but no effect on functional vision
74
What is the visual pigment in Rods?
Rhodopsin
75
Rods are better for (bright/dim) light vision and cones are better for (bright/dim) light vision.
dim light
76
Axons of ______ form CN II (Optic N).
ganglion cells
77
Lens epithelium differentiates into lens fibers at ________.
lens equator
78
Any area of lens opacity =
cataract
79
Zonular fibers are similar to _____ fibers.
elastic
80
What make up the components of the vitreous body?
99% water 1% hyaluronic acid collagen fibrils
81
Adnexa
structures that surround the eye (glands, eyelids)
82
What tissue type is the adnexa of the eye made of?
thin keratinized stratified squamous (+ apocrine, sebaceous glands, hair follicles)
83
What is another term for eyelashes?
cilia
84
What is the inner surface of the adnexa called?
palpebral conjunctiva
85
What tissue type makes up the palpebral conjunctiva?
non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium + goblet cells (rested on CT)
86
What kind of glands are present in the margin of the eyelid?
tarsal (meibomian) glands
87
What is the tarsal plate?
plate of collagen that embeds/stiffens tarsal gland (so act like "windshield")
88
What is ectropion?
dysfunction of tarsal plate (= drooping eyelids)
89
What is another name for the third eyelid?
nictitating membrane
90
Third eyelid is covered by ______ and has a core of _____.
conjunctiva elastic
91
What kind of gland is present in the nicitating membrane?
superficial gland of the third eyelid
92
What is Cherry Eye?
inflammation of the superficial gland of the third eyelid where palpebra conjunctiva is pushed out
93
List the 10 layers of the retina (outer --> inner)
Retinal Pigment Epithelium Layer of Rods + Cones External Limiting Membrane Outer Nuclear Layer Outer Plexiform Layer Inner Nuclear Layer Inner Plexiform Layer Ganglion Cell Layer Optic Nerve Fiber Layer Internal Limiting Membrane
94
What is present in the Retinal Pigment Epithelium of the Retina? Function?
supportive cells physical/nutritional support to rods/cones
95
What is present in the Layer of Rods + Cones of Retina?
outer and inner segments of rods + cones
96
What is present in the Outer Nuclear Layer of the Retina?
nuclei of rods + cones
97
What is present in the Outer Plexiform Layer of the Retina?
synapse of rods/cones & bipolar neurons
98
What is present in the Inner Nuclear Layer of the Retina?
mainly nuclei of bipolar neurons, amacrine cells, horizontal cells
99
What is present in the Inner Plexiform Layer of the Retina?
axons of bipolar cells synapse on dendrites of ganglion cells
100
What is present in the Ganglion Cell Layer of the Retina?
a few cell bodies of ganglion cells
101
What is present in the Optic Nerve Fiber Layer of the Retina?
axons from ganglion cells
102
What is present in the Internal Limiting Membrane of the Retina?
one end of radial glial/Mueller cell processes
103
What is the function of the Internal Limiting Membrane of the Retina?
retina stabilization

Microanatomy (21 decks)

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