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Microanatomy > Exam 4: Urinary System > Flashcards

Exam 4: Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

List functions of the kidney

A

fluid/electrolyte balance
acid-base balance
BP regulation
endocrine
activate vitamin D

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2
Q

What two endocrine substances does the kidney secrete?

A

Renin
Erythropoietin

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3
Q

Renal Lobe

A

fused subunits of kidney (all domestic mammals)

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4
Q

Renal Papilla

A

apex of renal pyramid

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5
Q

Renal column

A

sides between pyramids

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6
Q

What is different about the pig kidney?

A

papillae show fused cortical parts of renal lobes

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7
Q

Renal Crest

A

formed by fused papillae
in dog, cat, horse, small ruminant

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8
Q

Area cribosa

A

part of renal crest where urine is discharged

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9
Q

Papillary ducts

A

empty urine
have papillary foramina (little opens in ducts)

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10
Q

Unilobar vs. Multilobar Kidneys

A

unilobar- papillae form renal crest
multilobar- many papillae, NO crest

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11
Q

What animals have a unilobar kidney?

A

cat, dog, horse, small ruminant

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12
Q

What animals have a multilobar kidney?

A

pig, large ruminant, humans

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13
Q

What are 2 parts of microanatomy of kidney?

A

Fibrous capsule
Parenchyma

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14
Q

What tissue makes up outer layer of fibrous capsule of kidney?

A

DICCT

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15
Q

What tissue makes up inner layer of fibrous capsule of kidney?

A

smooth muscle (except cat)

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16
Q

What is the parenchyma of kidney?

A

“functional” tissue of the organ

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17
Q

What two things make up the uriniferous tubules of the parenchyma of the kidney?

A

nephron + collecting duct

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18
Q

Where are renal corpuscles located in the kidney?

A

cortex only

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19
Q

What 3 structures are seen in the cortex of the kidney?

A

renal corpuscles
medullary rays
cortical labyrinth

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20
Q

What are medullary rays?

A

longitudinal bundles of tubules
“radiating” from medulla into cortex

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21
Q

What is the cortical labyrinth?

A

area between medullary rays

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22
Q

What structures are within the cortical labyrinth? (3)

A

proximal + distal convoluted tubules
renal corpuscles

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23
Q

What are the 6 segments of the nephron?

A
  1. Glomerular capsule
  2. Proximal convoluted tubule
  3. Proximal straight tubule
  4. Thin tubule
  5. Distal straight tubule
  6. Distal convoluted tubule
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24
Q

What are the 2 layers of the glomerular capsule?

A

parietal layer
visceral layer

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25
Q

What tissue type is the parietal layer of the glomerular capsule made of?

A

simple squamous epithelium

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26
Q

What unique structure is present in the visceral layer of the glomerular capsule?

A

podocytes

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27
Q

What are the 3 parts of the podocytes?

A

primary process
secondary process (pedicel)
filtration slits

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28
Q

What two things make up the renal corpuscle?

A

glomerulus + capsule

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29
Q

Vascular pole

A

part of renal corpuscle where afferent arteriole enters and efferent leaves

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30
Q

Tubular (urinary) pole

A

part of renal corpuscle that continues as proximal convoluted tubule

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31
Q

Urinary space

A

space between parietal and visceral layers of the glomerulus

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32
Q

What 3 things make the filtration barrier?

A

Porous endothelium
Basement membrane
Filtration slit membrane

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33
Q

Mesangial cell function + location

A

influence glomerular filtration
between glomerular capillaries

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34
Q

Which nephron segment is the longest?

A

proximal convoluted tubule

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35
Q

Which nephron segment is seen most often?

A

proximal convoluted tubule

36
Q

Where is the proximal convoluted tubule located?

A

cortical labyrinth in cortex

37
Q

How does proximal convoluted tubule stain/appear on microscopy?

A

bright pink cytoplasm
“fuzzy” border

38
Q

Proximal straight tubule is equivalent to (descending/thick | ascending/thick) limb of Loop of Henle

A

descending / thick

39
Q

Distal straight tubule is equivalent to (descending/thick | ascending/thick) limb of Loop of Henle

A

ascending / thick

40
Q

How does the distal convoluted tubule appear on microscopy?

A

smaller cells, see more nuclei
NO brush border = smooth luminal surface

41
Q

What segments of the nephron make up the Loop of Henle?

A

proximal straight tubule
thin tubule
distal straight tubule

42
Q

What is the Loop of Henle’s function?

A

hypertonicity
increase Na+/water concentration
= urine concentration

43
Q

What is the macula densa? What segment of the nephron is it part of?

A

part of distal straight tubule next to renal corpuscle

44
Q

What is the function of the Macula Densa?

A

Na/Cl ion chemoreceptor cells to relay into to JG cells

45
Q

Where is the distal convoluted tubule located?

A

cortical labyrinth only

46
Q

What is the function of the distal convoluted tubule?

A

sodium reabsorption
potassium secretion

47
Q

What is the distal convoluted tubule dependent on?

A

aldosterone

48
Q

What disease occur with lack of aldosterone?

A

Addison’s Disease

49
Q

What is the function of the collecting tubule?

A

move urine into renal pelvis via papillary ducts
recover good materials so bad can be excreted

50
Q

What tissue type is the collecting tubule made of?

A

simple cuboidal epithelium

51
Q

List order of arterial supply of kidney

A

aorta –> renal A –> interlobar A –> arcuate A –> interlobular A –> afferent arteriole –> glomerulus –> efferent arteriole –> 3 different pathways

52
Q

What are the 3 pathways that the efferent arteriole supplies blood to the kidney?

A
  • peritubular plexus
  • arteriolae rectae spuriae
  • arteriolae rectae verae
53
Q

What does the peritubular plexus supply blood to?

A

outer cortical nephrons

54
Q

What does the arteriolae rectae spuriae supply blood to?

A

juxtamedullary nephrons (deep in medulla)

55
Q

What does the arteriolae rectae verae supply blood to?

A

medulla

56
Q

What are end arteries in the renal lobule?

A

arterial branches w/o collateral blood supply

57
Q

What are the 3 parts of the Juxtamedullary Apparatus?

A

Macula Densa
Juxtaglomerular cells
Mesangial cells

58
Q

What are Juxtaglomerular cells?

A

modified smooth muscle cells in tunica media of afferent arteriole

59
Q

What are the functions of JG cells?

A

release Renin (when pressure low)
Convert Angiotensinogen –> Angiotensin I

60
Q

What is the Renal Stroma?

A

loose connective tissue between all tubules

61
Q

What is the function of the Renal Stroma?

A

produce fibers / prostaglandins to influence flow

62
Q

What are two differences about the cat kidney?

A

capsular veins
lipid droplets

63
Q

Function of Capsular Veins

A

collect blood from outer part of cortex and drain into hilus

64
Q

Where are lipid droplets located in cat kidneys?

A

proximal convoluted / straight tubules

65
Q

What is different about the Macula Densa of the horse?

A

composed of stratified squamous epithelium (instead of simple)
unknown functional difference

66
Q

What substance influences water reabsorption in the collecting tubule?

A

ADH (anti-diuretic hormone / vasopressin)

67
Q

What disease results from no ADH production?

A

Diabetes Insipidus

68
Q

Renal Pelvis

A

expanded end ofo ureter

69
Q

Which species doesn’t have a renal pelvis?

A

bovine kidney

70
Q

(T/F) The Renal Pelvis and the Ureter are the same microscopically.

A

True

71
Q

What is the only difference in the ureter and urinary bladder microscopically?

A

thickness (bladder has thicker smooth muscle layers than ureter)

72
Q

What tissue type lines the Tunica mucosa-submucosa of the ureter/bladder?

A

transitional epithelium = “urothelium”

73
Q

Within the Tunica mucosa-submucosa, what 2 possible tissue types can the lamina propria-submucosa made of?

A

Loose CT or
DICCT

74
Q

(T/F) Glands are present in the Tunica mucosa-submucosa of the ureter/bladder.

A

False - except horses

75
Q

What muscle makes up the Tunica muscularis of the ureter/bladder?

A

Detrusor M

76
Q

How many smooth muscle layers are in the Tunica muscularis of the ureter/bladder?

A

3

77
Q

The smooth muscle layers of the Tunica muscularis are oriented as follows: (longitudinal/circular), (longitudinal/circular), (longitudinal/circular).

A

inner longitudinal
middle circular
outer longitudinal

78
Q

What are the two ways the bladder differs from the ureter?

A

star-shaped lumen for distention
thicker muscle layers

79
Q

What is the difference between the visceral peritoneum of the dog vs. cat?

A

cat- fully covers bladder/ureter
dog- covers most, not all bladder/ureter

80
Q

What is the outer-most layer of the ureter/bladder called that is easily damaged with microscopy prep?

A

Tunica Adventitia/Serosa

81
Q

What is different about the Propria submucosa of the ureter of the horse?

A

mucous glands present = cloudy urine

82
Q

The horse has mucous glands present in the (cranial/caudal) half of the ureter.

A

Cranial half

83
Q

What are the 3 Tunics of the Female Urethra?

A

Tunica mucosa-submucosa
Tunica muscularis
Tunica adventitia

84
Q

What tissue type is the tunica mucosa-submucosa of the female urethra?

A

transitional epithelium

85
Q

(T/F) The Tunica mucosa-submucosa of the ureter/bladder/urethra have a lamina muscularis.

A

False

86
Q

What lamina propria of the tunica mucosa-submucosa of the female urethra is made of what tissue type? What unique structures are within?

A

Loose CT
large vascular sinuses

87
Q

(T/F) The Tunica adventitia is present in the female urethra, but no Tunica serosa is present.

A

True

Microanatomy (21 decks)

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