Female Reproductive System (Exam 2) Flashcards
2 functions of female reproductive system
- produces ova
- secretes estrogen + progesterone
What two hormones are necessary for normal female reproductive behavior and allow for successful pregnancy?
estrogen + progesterone
_______ appear in the 1st yolk sac endoderm before knowing if they will form into a spermatocyte or ova.
primordial germ cells
Where do primordial germ cells develop?
dorsal mesentery of hindgut
Primary Germ Cells migrate to _____ where they become _______.
gonadal ridge
oogonia
Oogonia in the gonadal ridge are committed to the female line and divided mitotically to form _________.
primary oocytes
Primary oocytes start first division of _____ before birth and are arrested at the first stage, ______.
meiosis
prophase
(T/F) A female continues to develop primary oocytes after birth.
False - born with all oocytes they will have
How many primary oocytes are present at birth vs. how many ovulate?
up to 1 million
several hundred ovulate (other degenerate)
(T/F) Ova are present in the ovary.
False - only primary oocytes
What occurs before a cell divides?
doubles genetic material (prepare for division)
What happens to chromosomes with the first division of meiosis?
reduction division
(chromosome number splits in half –> haploid)
During the first division of meiosis, the primary oocyte splits into ______ and _____.
secondary oocyte
first polar body
Polar body has no _____ so it degenerates.
cytoplasm
The first division of meiosis occurs when?
a little before or at ovulation
In the 2nd division of meiosis, the ______ undergoes mitosis and divides into _____ and _____.
secondary oocyte
ovum + secondary poly body
When does the 2nd division of meiosis occur? Where does it occur?
time of fertilization
uterine tube
(T/F) The ovary has exocrine + endocrine secretions.
True
Exocrine secretion(s) of ovary?
ova
Why is the ova an exocrine secretion of the ovary?
acts like “duct” system b/c picked up by uterine tube
Endocrine secretion(s) of the ovary?
estrogen + progesterone
(T/F) Ovary has cortex + medulla.
True
What two structures are present in the cortex of the ovary?
follicles
corpora lutea
What structures are contained in the medulla of the ovary?
blood vessels, lymph vessels, nerves
The cortex of the ovary is covered by “_____ epithelium” which is made of what kind tissue type?
superficial
simple cuboidal
What is the thick collagen layer of DICCT in the cortex of the inactive ovary?
Tunica albuginea
Remnants of male duct system in the female within the medulla of the ovary (tubules that would’ve formed epididymis)
rete ovarii
Follicle includes _____ + _____ at any stage of development.
primary oocytes
its encasing cells
What are the 4 stages of follicular development?
- primordial follicle
- primary follicle
- secondary follicle
- tertiary follicle
Primordial follicle is a ______ surrounded by ________ layer.
primary oocyte
single squamous
What is the single layer of squamous cells surrounding a primordial follicle called?
follicular epithelium cells
(T/F) Primordial follicles are active.
False
Stage of follicular development where development begins and epithelial cells enlarge and change from _____ to _____ epithelial cells.
primary follicle
cuboidal –> columnar
Stage of development where follicular epithelial cells proliferate via mitosis and turn into a ______ layer.
stratified (2+ layers)
Secondary follicle
Term for pink layer at edge of oocyte produced by oocytes and follicular epithelial cells in the secondary follicle stage.
zona pellucida
Function of zona pellucida
prevent multiple spermatozoa from fertilizing
_______ secrete fluid and push cells to periphery. Once a cavity develops in the follicular epithelium, it is called a ________.
granulosa
tertiary follicle
The cavity in the follicular epithelium of tertiary follicle filled with fluid is called _____.
antrum
Term for the sheet that develops around the follicle, best seen in the tertiary stage.
theca
3 names for a follicle that is almost ready to ovulate
preovulatory tertiary follicle
mature follicle
graafian follicle
Term for the fluid that accumulates in the antrum of a tertiary follicle
Liquor folliculi
Liquor folliculi contain high _____ concentration for normal progression of primary oocytes –> secondary oocyte and first polar body.
estrogen
(T/F) Protein in liquor folliculi binds estrogen to keep it in the follicle.
True
Zona pellucida is a _______ and best seen in what stage?
glycoprotein
secondary follicle
In the tertiary follicle, the follicular epithelium forms what 2 structures?
stratum granulosum
cumulus oophorus
Term for mound of follicular epithelial cells that contain primary oocytes in the tertiary follicle.
cumulus oophorus
Term for follicular epithelial cells that remain attached to cumulus oophorus at ovulation.
corona radiata (look like sun rays)
Term for layer of follicular epithelial cells created by fluid accumulating in follicle which pushes cells to periphery and rests on basement membrane in tertiary follicle.
stratum granulosum
Term for layer of endocrine cells surrounding the tertiary follicle as it develops.
Theca interna
Theca interna produces _____ when stimulated by the pituitary gland.
androgens
What is the significance of androgens produced by theca interna?
intermediates in estrogen synthesis
Androgens are converted to estrogen by follicular epithelial cells by _______.
FSH (gonadotropin)
Term for the loose connective tissue pushed into a layer as the tertiary follicle gets larger.
Theca externa
Which species has mature tertiary follicles that are palpable by rectum?
mare (50-70 mm)
The majority of developing follicles degenerate, called _____ follicles.
atretic
Term for process of follicular degeneration
atresia
3 signs of atresia
- pyknosis
- chromatolysis
- glass membrane formation
What is pyknosis?
dark, condensed chromatin in follicle (sign of degeneration)
What is chromatolysis?
when follicle nucleus fades away/dissolves
In all species except ____, cortex of the ovary contains follicles in any stage of development.
mare (horse)
In the mare, cortical tissue of the ovary borders _______.
ovulation fossa
Ovulation fossa is a depression where ____ occurs in the horse.
ovulation
What tissue type lines the ovulation fossa in the mare?
superficial cuboidal epithelium
In the mare, medullary tissue of the ovary is located (centrally/peripherally/throughout) and includes vessels and nerves.
peripherally
When the tertiary follicle starts to degenerate, ________ and _______ develop into interstitial endocrine cells.
follicular epithelial cells
theca internal cells
Term for clusters of endocrine cells that produce steroids (androgens)
interstitial endocrine cells
Which species have interstitial endocrine cells?
dog/cat
High concentration of ______ in follicular fluid and circulating in the body reaches peak at ovulation and triggers high secretion of _____ from the pituitary which stimulates the production of _____.
estrogen
LH
prostaglandin
The production of prostaglandins causes ______ to digest to follicular wall which leads to ______.
collagenase
ovulation
(T/F) Pressure increases as follicles get larger during ovulation.
False - NO change
Term for a follicle that has recently ovulated and hemorrhaged
corppus hemorrhagicum
Term for a follicle that has recently ovulated and hemorrhaged
corpus hemorrhagicum
At ovulation, the secondary oocyte enters ________ and gets “picked up” by the ______ to get in.
peritonteal cavity
uterine tube
How much time does a secondary oocyte get for fertilization?
1 day
Which 2 animals need a copulatory stimulus for ovulation? Why
cat + rabbit
necessary for LH release
Where does fertilization occur?
uterine tube
________ division occurs at fertilization.
2nd meitotic
________ division occurs at fertilization.
2nd meiotic
What is the follicle called after ovulation?
corpus luteum
Corpus Luteum produces _____ necessary to maintain pregnancy and prepare the reproductive tract.
progesterone
_______ + _______ luteinize to form Corpus Luteum.
follicular cells + theca internal cells
What 3 things occur during the luteinization process?
- up cell size
- up cell number
- yellow pigment (lutein)
Term for scar tissue that fills the degenerated luteum created by macrophages engulfing the corpus luteum if no sign of an embryo.
Corpus Albicans
2 other names for uterine tube
oviduct
fallopian tube
3 segments of the uterine tube
- infundibulum
- ampulla
- isthmus
Which part of the uterine tube has finger-like projections on the edge? What is the term for these projections?
infundibulum
fimbriae
Function of fimbriae
get secondary oocyte –> uterine tube
(T/F) The T. mucosa of the uterine tube has a lamina muscularis.
False
The uterine tube T. mucosa has many folds called _____.
plicae
Uterine tube epithelium lining
simple or pseudostratified columnar + cilia
The epithelium of the uterine tube has microvilli. What are their function?
secretory - nutritive/lubricating fluid for passage of embryo
4 cell types in the lamina propria-submucosa of the uterine tube
- lymphocytes
- plasma cells
- mast cells
- eosinophils
The T. muscularis of the uterine tube is made of _____ muscle, oriented (circularly/longitudinally/obliquely) and thickness (increases/decreases) from infundibulum to isthmus.
smooth
circularly
increases
(T/F) The uterine tube has a T. serosa.
True
What is another name for the T. serosa of the uterine tube?
visceral peritoneum
_____ transport the oocyte to ampulla.
cilia
Within the uterine tube, which segment is where fertilization occurs?
ampulla
Order of oocyte transport
ampulla –> isthmus –> uterus
Muscle contractions of the uterus + uterine tube transport _____ to the ampulla.
spermatozoa
3 parts of the uterus
- horns
- body
- cervix
_____ separates the non-sterile environment of the vagina from the sterile environment of the uterus.
cervix
Give the 3 names for these structures of the uterus:
T. mucosa-submucosa
T. muscularis
T. serosa
endometrium
myometrium
perimetrium
Which tunic of the uterus has uterine glands?
T. mucosa-submucosa
Endometrium of uterus epithelium
simple or pseudostratified columnar + uterine glands
What kind of glands are uterine glands?
simpled coiled or branched tubular
What cell type is present in the lamina propria-submucosa of endometrium of sheep?
melanocytes
Term for smooth regions without glands in the lamina propria-submucosa of the endometrium in ruminants
caruncles
Function of caruncle in endometrium of ruminants
area for placental attachment
How many layers of smooth muscle in myometrium of uterus? Orientation?
2
inner circular + outer longitudinal
Layer between inner + outer muscle layers of myometrium filled with highly coiled vessels
stratum vasculare
What increase in size and number of the myometrium during pregnancy?
smooth muscle cells
Term for opening into body of uterus into cervix
internal uterine ostium
Term for opening into vagina from cervix
external uterine ostium
The cervix has _____ in the T. mucosa-submucosa in dogs + cats.
primary folds
Cervix is lined by _______ epithelium.
simple columnar (mucous cells + ciliated cells)
Function of secretory simple columnar epithelial lining of cervix
secrete mucous to “plug” cervical canal when not pregnant to keep uterus sterile
The lamina propria-submucosa transitions from _______ to ______ connective tissue.
DICCT –> loose
What kind of fibers are in the T. muscularis of the cervix?
elastic
(T/F) The vagina has no lamina muscularis.
True
(T/F) The vagina can have a T. serosa + adventitia.
True - caudal: adventitia, cranial: serosa
What epithelium lines the T. mucosa-submucosa of the vagina?
stratified squamous epithlium
When does T. mucosa-submucosa epithelium increase in thickness?
proestrus + estrus
_____ are common the caudally in the lamina propria-submucosa of the vagina.
lymphatic nodules
(T/F) The T. muscularis of the vagina is entirely smooth muscle.
True!
The T. muscularis of the vagina has a (thin/thick) inner (circular/longitudinal) layer and a (thin/thick) outer (circular/longitudinal) layer.
thick inner circular
thin outer longitudinal
(T/F) The vulva/labia is the same as skin but does not have apocrine or sebaceous glands.
False - has both (not different from normal skin)
Recurring periods of physiological + behavioral changes with each reproductive cycle
estrous cycle
Period of sexual receptivity
estrus
4 phases of estrous cycle
- proestrus
- estrus
- metestrus
- diestrus
Match phase of estrous cycle to definition:
- between heat cycles (longest phase)
- after estrus
- period of heat
- before estrus
- diestrus
- metestrus
- estrus
- proestrus
Term for when NOT having an estrus cycle
anestrus
Initiation of the estrous cycle has ____ and ____ factors.
environmental + intrinsic
Environmental factors for initiation of estrous cycle (3)
- hours of light
- temperature
- food supply
In terms of hours of light affecting estrous cycle initiation, decreasing day length/light initiates the estrous cycle in _____, while most others initiate by increasing day length.
sheep
(T/F) Temperature is a significant environmental factor to initiate estrous cycle.
False - not a big factor, can interrupt if too hot/cold
2 intrinsic factors of initiation of estrous cycle
- age
- genetic influences
Environmental + intrinsic factors to initiate estrous cycle by stimulating ______ and secreting _______ which stimulates release of ___ and ___ from ________.
hypothalamus
gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)
FSH + LH
adenohypophysis
After FSH + LH is are released from the pituitary, they stimulate ________ by stimulating production of _____ which are converted to _____.
ovarian follicular development
androgens
estrogens
As estrogen levels rise by follicles getting close to ovulation, _____ grow and branch in uterus (preparing for successful pregnancy).
uterine glands
Phase of estrous cycle characterized by follicular growth, rising estrogen levels, and endometrial development.
proestrus
(T/F) Females in proestrus are not sexually receptive but males can detect it.
True
Estrus is when ovulation occurs in most species, but just after estrus in the _____.
cow
Rising estrogen levels during estrus stimulate an “ovulatory surge” of ____ from the adenohypophysis.
LH
Which two stages in estrous cycle together equal the “follicular phase of the cycle” with prominent ovarian follicles?
proestrus + estrus
Term for “period of corpus luteum development and initial progesterone secretion”
metestrus
During metestrus, there is a decrease in _____ levels, and an increase in ______ levels.
estrogen
progesterone
Phase where corpus luteum is actively secreting progesterone
diestrus
In diestrus, progesterone stimulate uterine gland secretion which serves what purpose?
nourishment of embryo
Which two phases of estrous cycle are collectively called “luteal phase”?
metestrus + diestrus
The bitch is (monoestrous/polyestrous) and the cow/sow are (monoestrous/polyestrous).
monoestrous
polyestrous
Which 4 species are seasonally polyestrous?
mare
ewe
doe
queen
Term for long period of diestrus if not pregnant between estrous cycles
monoestrous
Term for continuous reproductive cycles until successful pregnancy
polyestrous
For development of mammary gland, surface _____ invaginates into underlying ______.
ectoderm
mesoderm
(T/F) Mammary glands grow slowly until puberty.
True
At puberty, estrogen stimulates branching and ________ of the mammary gland.
fat accumulation
Which 3 hormones are responsible for stimulating growth of the alveoli during pregnancy?
estrogen
progesterone
prolactin
Secretory unit of mammary gland
alveoli
______ promotes lactation and is necessary for milk quality.
prolactin
________ stimulates myoepithelial cells to allow for “milk ejection reflex”.
oxytocin
(T/F) The larger the size of the udder, the more milk it produces.
False - no correlation
What kind of gland is a mammary gland?
compound tubuloalveolar gland
Epithelium lining alveolus of mammary gland
cuboidal epithelium (varying height w/ secretory activity)
Epithelium lining alveolus of mammary gland
cuboidal epithelium (varying height w/ secretory activity)
What 2 cellular structures are well-developed in the alveolus of the mammary gland?
RER + lipid droplets
Lipid secretion in the alveolus of the mammary gland is (merocrine/apocrine/holocrine) while protein secretion is (merocrine/apocrine/holocrine).
apocrine
merocrine
______ surround alveoli of the mammary gland with long processes that surround the alveoli like an octopus.
myoepithelial cells
(T/F) Mammary gland is lobulated.
True
________ ducts join together and fuse to form ______ ducts which are grossly visible in mammary gland.
interlobular
lactiferous
Lactiferous ducts open into ______ in the mammary gland.
lactiferous sinus
After lactation, ______ cells degenerate in the mammary gland, which is a process called ______.
alveolar cells
involution
