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Microanatomy > Female Reproductive System (Exam 2) > Flashcards

Female Reproductive System (Exam 2) Flashcards

1
Q

2 functions of female reproductive system

A
  1. produces ova
  2. secretes estrogen + progesterone
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2
Q

What two hormones are necessary for normal female reproductive behavior and allow for successful pregnancy?

A

estrogen + progesterone

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3
Q

_______ appear in the 1st yolk sac endoderm before knowing if they will form into a spermatocyte or ova.

A

primordial germ cells

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4
Q

Where do primordial germ cells develop?

A

dorsal mesentery of hindgut

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5
Q

Primary Germ Cells migrate to _____ where they become _______.

A

gonadal ridge
oogonia

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6
Q

Oogonia in the gonadal ridge are committed to the female line and divided mitotically to form _________.

A

primary oocytes

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7
Q

Primary oocytes start first division of _____ before birth and are arrested at the first stage, ______.

A

meiosis
prophase

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8
Q

(T/F) A female continues to develop primary oocytes after birth.

A

False - born with all oocytes they will have

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9
Q

How many primary oocytes are present at birth vs. how many ovulate?

A

up to 1 million
several hundred ovulate (other degenerate)

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10
Q

(T/F) Ova are present in the ovary.

A

False - only primary oocytes

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11
Q

What occurs before a cell divides?

A

doubles genetic material (prepare for division)

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12
Q

What happens to chromosomes with the first division of meiosis?

A

reduction division
(chromosome number splits in half –> haploid)

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13
Q

During the first division of meiosis, the primary oocyte splits into ______ and _____.

A

secondary oocyte
first polar body

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14
Q

Polar body has no _____ so it degenerates.

A

cytoplasm

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15
Q

The first division of meiosis occurs when?

A

a little before or at ovulation

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16
Q

In the 2nd division of meiosis, the ______ undergoes mitosis and divides into _____ and _____.

A

secondary oocyte
ovum + secondary poly body

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17
Q

When does the 2nd division of meiosis occur? Where does it occur?

A

time of fertilization
uterine tube

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18
Q

(T/F) The ovary has exocrine + endocrine secretions.

A

True

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19
Q

Exocrine secretion(s) of ovary?

A

ova

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20
Q

Why is the ova an exocrine secretion of the ovary?

A

acts like “duct” system b/c picked up by uterine tube

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21
Q

Endocrine secretion(s) of the ovary?

A

estrogen + progesterone

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22
Q

(T/F) Ovary has cortex + medulla.

A

True

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23
Q

What two structures are present in the cortex of the ovary?

A

follicles
corpora lutea

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24
Q

What structures are contained in the medulla of the ovary?

A

blood vessels, lymph vessels, nerves

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25
Q

The cortex of the ovary is covered by “_____ epithelium” which is made of what kind tissue type?

A

superficial
simple cuboidal

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26
Q

What is the thick collagen layer of DICCT in the cortex of the inactive ovary?

A

Tunica albuginea

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27
Q

Remnants of male duct system in the female within the medulla of the ovary (tubules that would’ve formed epididymis)

A

rete ovarii

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28
Q

Follicle includes _____ + _____ at any stage of development.

A

primary oocytes
its encasing cells

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29
Q

What are the 4 stages of follicular development?

A
  1. primordial follicle
  2. primary follicle
  3. secondary follicle
  4. tertiary follicle
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30
Q

Primordial follicle is a ______ surrounded by ________ layer.

A

primary oocyte
single squamous

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31
Q

What is the single layer of squamous cells surrounding a primordial follicle called?

A

follicular epithelium cells

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32
Q

(T/F) Primordial follicles are active.

A

False

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33
Q

Stage of follicular development where development begins and epithelial cells enlarge and change from _____ to _____ epithelial cells.

A

primary follicle
cuboidal –> columnar

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34
Q

Stage of development where follicular epithelial cells proliferate via mitosis and turn into a ______ layer.

A

stratified (2+ layers)
Secondary follicle

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35
Q

Term for pink layer at edge of oocyte produced by oocytes and follicular epithelial cells in the secondary follicle stage.

A

zona pellucida

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36
Q

Function of zona pellucida

A

prevent multiple spermatozoa from fertilizing

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37
Q

_______ secrete fluid and push cells to periphery. Once a cavity develops in the follicular epithelium, it is called a ________.

A

granulosa
tertiary follicle

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38
Q

The cavity in the follicular epithelium of tertiary follicle filled with fluid is called _____.

A

antrum

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39
Q

Term for the sheet that develops around the follicle, best seen in the tertiary stage.

A

theca

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40
Q

3 names for a follicle that is almost ready to ovulate

A

preovulatory tertiary follicle
mature follicle
graafian follicle

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41
Q

Term for the fluid that accumulates in the antrum of a tertiary follicle

A

Liquor folliculi

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42
Q

Liquor folliculi contain high _____ concentration for normal progression of primary oocytes –> secondary oocyte and first polar body.

A

estrogen

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43
Q

(T/F) Protein in liquor folliculi binds estrogen to keep it in the follicle.

A

True

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44
Q

Zona pellucida is a _______ and best seen in what stage?

A

glycoprotein
secondary follicle

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45
Q

In the tertiary follicle, the follicular epithelium forms what 2 structures?

A

stratum granulosum
cumulus oophorus

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46
Q

Term for mound of follicular epithelial cells that contain primary oocytes in the tertiary follicle.

A

cumulus oophorus

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47
Q

Term for follicular epithelial cells that remain attached to cumulus oophorus at ovulation.

A

corona radiata (look like sun rays)

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48
Q

Term for layer of follicular epithelial cells created by fluid accumulating in follicle which pushes cells to periphery and rests on basement membrane in tertiary follicle.

A

stratum granulosum

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49
Q

Term for layer of endocrine cells surrounding the tertiary follicle as it develops.

A

Theca interna

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50
Q

Theca interna produces _____ when stimulated by the pituitary gland.

A

androgens

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51
Q

What is the significance of androgens produced by theca interna?

A

intermediates in estrogen synthesis

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52
Q

Androgens are converted to estrogen by follicular epithelial cells by _______.

A

FSH (gonadotropin)

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53
Q

Term for the loose connective tissue pushed into a layer as the tertiary follicle gets larger.

A

Theca externa

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54
Q

Which species has mature tertiary follicles that are palpable by rectum?

A

mare (50-70 mm)

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55
Q

The majority of developing follicles degenerate, called _____ follicles.

A

atretic

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56
Q

Term for process of follicular degeneration

A

atresia

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57
Q

3 signs of atresia

A
  1. pyknosis
  2. chromatolysis
  3. glass membrane formation
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58
Q

What is pyknosis?

A

dark, condensed chromatin in follicle (sign of degeneration)

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59
Q

What is chromatolysis?

A

when follicle nucleus fades away/dissolves

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60
Q

In all species except ____, cortex of the ovary contains follicles in any stage of development.

A

mare (horse)

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61
Q

In the mare, cortical tissue of the ovary borders _______.

A

ovulation fossa

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62
Q

Ovulation fossa is a depression where ____ occurs in the horse.

A

ovulation

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63
Q

What tissue type lines the ovulation fossa in the mare?

A

superficial cuboidal epithelium

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64
Q

In the mare, medullary tissue of the ovary is located (centrally/peripherally/throughout) and includes vessels and nerves.

A

peripherally

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65
Q

When the tertiary follicle starts to degenerate, ________ and _______ develop into interstitial endocrine cells.

A

follicular epithelial cells
theca internal cells

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66
Q

Term for clusters of endocrine cells that produce steroids (androgens)

A

interstitial endocrine cells

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67
Q

Which species have interstitial endocrine cells?

A

dog/cat

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68
Q

High concentration of ______ in follicular fluid and circulating in the body reaches peak at ovulation and triggers high secretion of _____ from the pituitary which stimulates the production of _____.

A

estrogen
LH
prostaglandin

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69
Q

The production of prostaglandins causes ______ to digest to follicular wall which leads to ______.

A

collagenase
ovulation

70
Q

(T/F) Pressure increases as follicles get larger during ovulation.

A

False - NO change

71
Q

Term for a follicle that has recently ovulated and hemorrhaged

A

corppus hemorrhagicum

72
Q

Term for a follicle that has recently ovulated and hemorrhaged

A

corpus hemorrhagicum

73
Q

At ovulation, the secondary oocyte enters ________ and gets “picked up” by the ______ to get in.

A

peritonteal cavity
uterine tube

74
Q

How much time does a secondary oocyte get for fertilization?

A

1 day

75
Q

Which 2 animals need a copulatory stimulus for ovulation? Why

A

cat + rabbit
necessary for LH release

76
Q

Where does fertilization occur?

A

uterine tube

77
Q

________ division occurs at fertilization.

A

2nd meitotic

78
Q

________ division occurs at fertilization.

A

2nd meiotic

79
Q

What is the follicle called after ovulation?

A

corpus luteum

80
Q

Corpus Luteum produces _____ necessary to maintain pregnancy and prepare the reproductive tract.

A

progesterone

81
Q

_______ + _______ luteinize to form Corpus Luteum.

A

follicular cells + theca internal cells

82
Q

What 3 things occur during the luteinization process?

A
  1. up cell size
  2. up cell number
  3. yellow pigment (lutein)
83
Q

Term for scar tissue that fills the degenerated luteum created by macrophages engulfing the corpus luteum if no sign of an embryo.

A

Corpus Albicans

84
Q

2 other names for uterine tube

A

oviduct
fallopian tube

85
Q

3 segments of the uterine tube

A
  1. infundibulum
  2. ampulla
  3. isthmus
86
Q

Which part of the uterine tube has finger-like projections on the edge? What is the term for these projections?

A

infundibulum
fimbriae

87
Q

Function of fimbriae

A

get secondary oocyte –> uterine tube

88
Q

(T/F) The T. mucosa of the uterine tube has a lamina muscularis.

A

False

89
Q

The uterine tube T. mucosa has many folds called _____.

A

plicae

90
Q

Uterine tube epithelium lining

A

simple or pseudostratified columnar + cilia

91
Q

The epithelium of the uterine tube has microvilli. What are their function?

A

secretory - nutritive/lubricating fluid for passage of embryo

92
Q

4 cell types in the lamina propria-submucosa of the uterine tube

A
  1. lymphocytes
  2. plasma cells
  3. mast cells
  4. eosinophils
93
Q

The T. muscularis of the uterine tube is made of _____ muscle, oriented (circularly/longitudinally/obliquely) and thickness (increases/decreases) from infundibulum to isthmus.

A

smooth
circularly
increases

94
Q

(T/F) The uterine tube has a T. serosa.

A

True

95
Q

What is another name for the T. serosa of the uterine tube?

A

visceral peritoneum

96
Q

_____ transport the oocyte to ampulla.

A

cilia

97
Q

Within the uterine tube, which segment is where fertilization occurs?

A

ampulla

98
Q

Order of oocyte transport

A

ampulla –> isthmus –> uterus

99
Q

Muscle contractions of the uterus + uterine tube transport _____ to the ampulla.

A

spermatozoa

100
Q

3 parts of the uterus

A
  1. horns
  2. body
  3. cervix
101
Q

_____ separates the non-sterile environment of the vagina from the sterile environment of the uterus.

A

cervix

102
Q

Give the 3 names for these structures of the uterus:

T. mucosa-submucosa
T. muscularis
T. serosa

A

endometrium
myometrium
perimetrium

103
Q

Which tunic of the uterus has uterine glands?

A

T. mucosa-submucosa

104
Q

Endometrium of uterus epithelium

A

simple or pseudostratified columnar + uterine glands

105
Q

What kind of glands are uterine glands?

A

simpled coiled or branched tubular

106
Q

What cell type is present in the lamina propria-submucosa of endometrium of sheep?

A

melanocytes

107
Q

Term for smooth regions without glands in the lamina propria-submucosa of the endometrium in ruminants

A

caruncles

108
Q

Function of caruncle in endometrium of ruminants

A

area for placental attachment

109
Q

How many layers of smooth muscle in myometrium of uterus? Orientation?

A

2
inner circular + outer longitudinal

110
Q

Layer between inner + outer muscle layers of myometrium filled with highly coiled vessels

A

stratum vasculare

111
Q

What increase in size and number of the myometrium during pregnancy?

A

smooth muscle cells

112
Q

Term for opening into body of uterus into cervix

A

internal uterine ostium

113
Q

Term for opening into vagina from cervix

A

external uterine ostium

114
Q

The cervix has _____ in the T. mucosa-submucosa in dogs + cats.

A

primary folds

115
Q

Cervix is lined by _______ epithelium.

A

simple columnar (mucous cells + ciliated cells)

116
Q

Function of secretory simple columnar epithelial lining of cervix

A

secrete mucous to “plug” cervical canal when not pregnant to keep uterus sterile

117
Q

The lamina propria-submucosa transitions from _______ to ______ connective tissue.

A

DICCT –> loose

118
Q

What kind of fibers are in the T. muscularis of the cervix?

A

elastic

119
Q

(T/F) The vagina has no lamina muscularis.

A

True

120
Q

(T/F) The vagina can have a T. serosa + adventitia.

A

True - caudal: adventitia, cranial: serosa

121
Q

What epithelium lines the T. mucosa-submucosa of the vagina?

A

stratified squamous epithlium

122
Q

When does T. mucosa-submucosa epithelium increase in thickness?

A

proestrus + estrus

123
Q

_____ are common the caudally in the lamina propria-submucosa of the vagina.

A

lymphatic nodules

124
Q

(T/F) The T. muscularis of the vagina is entirely smooth muscle.

A

True!

125
Q

The T. muscularis of the vagina has a (thin/thick) inner (circular/longitudinal) layer and a (thin/thick) outer (circular/longitudinal) layer.

A

thick inner circular
thin outer longitudinal

126
Q

(T/F) The vulva/labia is the same as skin but does not have apocrine or sebaceous glands.

A

False - has both (not different from normal skin)

127
Q

Recurring periods of physiological + behavioral changes with each reproductive cycle

A

estrous cycle

128
Q

Period of sexual receptivity

A

estrus

129
Q

4 phases of estrous cycle

A
  1. proestrus
  2. estrus
  3. metestrus
  4. diestrus
130
Q

Match phase of estrous cycle to definition:

  1. between heat cycles (longest phase)
  2. after estrus
  3. period of heat
  4. before estrus
A
  1. diestrus
  2. metestrus
  3. estrus
  4. proestrus
131
Q

Term for when NOT having an estrus cycle

A

anestrus

132
Q

Initiation of the estrous cycle has ____ and ____ factors.

A

environmental + intrinsic

133
Q

Environmental factors for initiation of estrous cycle (3)

A
  1. hours of light
  2. temperature
  3. food supply
134
Q

In terms of hours of light affecting estrous cycle initiation, decreasing day length/light initiates the estrous cycle in _____, while most others initiate by increasing day length.

A

sheep

135
Q

(T/F) Temperature is a significant environmental factor to initiate estrous cycle.

A

False - not a big factor, can interrupt if too hot/cold

136
Q

2 intrinsic factors of initiation of estrous cycle

A
  1. age
  2. genetic influences
137
Q

Environmental + intrinsic factors to initiate estrous cycle by stimulating ______ and secreting _______ which stimulates release of ___ and ___ from ________.

A

hypothalamus
gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)
FSH + LH
adenohypophysis

138
Q

After FSH + LH is are released from the pituitary, they stimulate ________ by stimulating production of _____ which are converted to _____.

A

ovarian follicular development
androgens
estrogens

139
Q

As estrogen levels rise by follicles getting close to ovulation, _____ grow and branch in uterus (preparing for successful pregnancy).

A

uterine glands

140
Q

Phase of estrous cycle characterized by follicular growth, rising estrogen levels, and endometrial development.

A

proestrus

141
Q

(T/F) Females in proestrus are not sexually receptive but males can detect it.

A

True

142
Q

Estrus is when ovulation occurs in most species, but just after estrus in the _____.

A

cow

143
Q

Rising estrogen levels during estrus stimulate an “ovulatory surge” of ____ from the adenohypophysis.

A

LH

144
Q

Which two stages in estrous cycle together equal the “follicular phase of the cycle” with prominent ovarian follicles?

A

proestrus + estrus

145
Q

Term for “period of corpus luteum development and initial progesterone secretion”

A

metestrus

146
Q

During metestrus, there is a decrease in _____ levels, and an increase in ______ levels.

A

estrogen
progesterone

147
Q

Phase where corpus luteum is actively secreting progesterone

A

diestrus

148
Q

In diestrus, progesterone stimulate uterine gland secretion which serves what purpose?

A

nourishment of embryo

149
Q

Which two phases of estrous cycle are collectively called “luteal phase”?

A

metestrus + diestrus

150
Q

The bitch is (monoestrous/polyestrous) and the cow/sow are (monoestrous/polyestrous).

A

monoestrous
polyestrous

151
Q

Which 4 species are seasonally polyestrous?

A

mare
ewe
doe
queen

152
Q

Term for long period of diestrus if not pregnant between estrous cycles

A

monoestrous

153
Q

Term for continuous reproductive cycles until successful pregnancy

A

polyestrous

154
Q

For development of mammary gland, surface _____ invaginates into underlying ______.

A

ectoderm
mesoderm

155
Q

(T/F) Mammary glands grow slowly until puberty.

A

True

156
Q

At puberty, estrogen stimulates branching and ________ of the mammary gland.

A

fat accumulation

157
Q

Which 3 hormones are responsible for stimulating growth of the alveoli during pregnancy?

A

estrogen
progesterone
prolactin

158
Q

Secretory unit of mammary gland

A

alveoli

159
Q

______ promotes lactation and is necessary for milk quality.

A

prolactin

160
Q

________ stimulates myoepithelial cells to allow for “milk ejection reflex”.

A

oxytocin

161
Q

(T/F) The larger the size of the udder, the more milk it produces.

A

False - no correlation

162
Q

What kind of gland is a mammary gland?

A

compound tubuloalveolar gland

163
Q

Epithelium lining alveolus of mammary gland

A

cuboidal epithelium (varying height w/ secretory activity)

163
Q

Epithelium lining alveolus of mammary gland

A

cuboidal epithelium (varying height w/ secretory activity)

164
Q

What 2 cellular structures are well-developed in the alveolus of the mammary gland?

A

RER + lipid droplets

165
Q

Lipid secretion in the alveolus of the mammary gland is (merocrine/apocrine/holocrine) while protein secretion is (merocrine/apocrine/holocrine).

A

apocrine
merocrine

166
Q

______ surround alveoli of the mammary gland with long processes that surround the alveoli like an octopus.

A

myoepithelial cells

167
Q

(T/F) Mammary gland is lobulated.

A

True

168
Q

________ ducts join together and fuse to form ______ ducts which are grossly visible in mammary gland.

A

interlobular
lactiferous

169
Q

Lactiferous ducts open into ______ in the mammary gland.

A

lactiferous sinus

170
Q

After lactation, ______ cells degenerate in the mammary gland, which is a process called ______.

A

alveolar cells
involution

Microanatomy (21 decks)

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