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Microanatomy > Endocrine System (Exam 1) > Flashcards

Endocrine System (Exam 1) Flashcards

1
Q

Definition of endocrine glands

A

organ with major function to release product into extracellular fluid

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2
Q

(T/F) Endocrine glands have ducts.

A

false - ductless!

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3
Q

Endocrine glands secrete directly into (intracellular/extracellular) fluid.

A

extracellular (usually blood)

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4
Q

3 Characteristics of Endocrine Glands

A

ductless
secrete directly onto extracellular fluid
produce hormone that act on organs

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5
Q

Endocrine Glands Function

A

act as an intermediate
coordinate activities with nervous system

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6
Q

______ cells mainly make up the structure of endocrine glands.

A

parenchymal

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7
Q

Endocrine glands have extensive _____ and _____.

A

blood supply
lymph drainage

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8
Q

Name 6 non-endocrine organs with endocrine function

A

thymus
kidney
GI tract
ovary
testis
heart

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9
Q

The thymus has endocrine function due to what two substances?

A

thymosin
thymopoietin

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10
Q

What are thymosin & thymopoietin?

A

glycoproteins that regulate T cell conversion & stimulate function in secondary lymphatics

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11
Q

What two substances does the kidney have gives it endocrine function?

A

erythropoietin
renin

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12
Q

Function of Erythropoietin

A

stimulates RBC development in bone marrow

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13
Q

Function of Renin

A

regulation of blood pressure

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14
Q

What two substances are in the GI tract that give it an endocrine function?

A

gastrin
CCK (cholecystokinin)

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15
Q

What two hormones does the ovary produce that give it an endocrine function?

A

estrogen
progesterone

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16
Q

Function of Estrogen & Progesterone

A

normal female reproductive system
produce oocytes
pregnancy conditions

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17
Q

What hormone is produced by the testis that gives it endocrine function?

A

testosterone

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18
Q

Function of Testosterone

A

normal spermatogenesis
male sexual behavior

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19
Q

What substance is the in the heart that gives it endocrine function?

A

atrial natriuretic factor (atrial peptide)

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20
Q

Location of Hypophysis

A

attaches to hypothalamus
sits in sella turcica

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21
Q

Two main parts of hypophysis

A

adenohypophysis
neurohypophysis

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22
Q

4 Parts of Adenohypophysis

A

pars distalis
pars tuberalis
pars intermedia
hypophyseal cavity (+/-)

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23
Q

What two parts of the adenohypophysis is the hypophyseal cavity between?

A

pars distalis and pars intermedia

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24
Q

The hypophyseal cavity is a remnant of _____.

A

lumen of adenohypophyseal pouch

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25
Q

3 Parts of the Neurohypophysis

A

infundibulum
neural lobe (pars nervosa)
infundibular recess

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26
Q

What are the two parts of the infundibulum of the neurohypophysis?

A

median eminence
stem/stalk

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27
Q

The median eminence is part of the (adenohypophysis/neurohypophysis) and attaches to the _______.

A

neurohypophysis
hypothalamus

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28
Q

Another name for median eminence is ______.

A

tuber cinereum

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29
Q

What is the terminal bulge of neural tissue in the neurohypophysis?

A

neural lobe (pars nervosa)

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30
Q

The infundibular recess is an extension of _________ and ____ is present.

A

third ventricle
CSF

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31
Q

The infundibulum is an evagination of (neural/oral) ectoderm and grows (dorsally toward / ventrally from) the oral cavity.

A

neural ectoderm
dorsally toward

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32
Q

The adenohypophyseal pouch (Rathke’s) is an evagination of (neural/oral) ectoderm and grows (dorsally toward / ventrally from) the oral cavity

A

oral ectoderm
ventrally from

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33
Q

(T/F) The infundibulum remains attached to neural ectoderm when fully formed.

A

True
but the adenohypophyseal pouch unattaches

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34
Q

________ Aa are branches of the Cerebral Arterial Circle and supply blood to the pituitary and hypothalamus.

A

Hypophyseal Aa

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35
Q

Order of Hypophyseal Portal System

A

hypophyseal Aa –> median eminence –> primary capillary plexus –> hypophyseal portal Vv through pars tuberalis –> pars distalis –> secondary capillary plexus

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36
Q

The hypophyseal portal system supplies blood to:

A

median eminence
pars tuberalis
pars distalis

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37
Q

(T/F) The hypophyseal portal system supplies blood to the neural lobe.

A

False

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38
Q

What supplies blood to the neural lobe?

A

its own capillary plexus (from separate set of hypophyseal Aa)

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39
Q

Does the hypothalamus regulate through hypophyseal portal system? Neural lobe?

A

Yes
No

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40
Q

What special stain is used to ID cells in the adenohypophysis?

A

Orange G-PAS technique

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41
Q

Chromophils vs. Chromophobes

A

chromophils take up stain
chromophobes take up NO stain

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42
Q

Two types of chromophils

A

acidophils
basophils

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43
Q

What are the 2 types of acidophils?

A

somatotropic | mammotropic

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44
Q

What are the 3 types of basophils?

A

thyrotropic | gonadotropic | corticotropic

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45
Q

What color do acidophils stain?

A

yellow

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46
Q

What color do basophils stain?

A

red

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47
Q

Which cell type in adenohypophysis produces growth hormone?

A

somatotropic cells

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48
Q

What growth hormone do somatotropic cells produce?

A

somatotropin

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49
Q

Two functions of somatotropic cells

A
  1. metabolic effects
  2. stimulate epiphyseal cartilage growth
50
Q

What do mammotropic cells produce?

51
Q

Function of prolactin produced by mammotrophs?

A

normal lactation
stimulate mammary development & maternal behavior

52
Q

What do thyrotropic cells produce?

A

TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone / thyrotropin)

53
Q

What is TSH?

A

glycoprotein that stimulates making + release of thyroid hormones (T3/T4)

54
Q

What two hormones do Gonadotropic cells produce?

A

FSH (follicle stimulating hormone)
LH (luteinizing hormone)

55
Q

Function of FSH in male

A

stimulate spermatogenesis

56
Q

Function of FSH in female

A

stimulate early follicular development

57
Q

Function of LH in female

A

follicular maturation + ovulation

58
Q

Function of LH in male

A

stimulate testosterone secretion

59
Q

What do Corticotropic cells produce?

A

ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone)

60
Q

What is ACTH? Function?

A

polypeptide hormone
stimulates making/release of glucocorticoids + androgens from adrenal cortex

61
Q

Where are Melanotrophs located?

A

pars intermedia

62
Q

What do Melanotrophs secrete?

A

a-MSH (melanocyte stimulating hormone)

63
Q

What are Pituicytes (Neurohypophyseal cells)

A

glial cells in pituitary gland that differ from other glial cell types

64
Q

What are Herring Bodies?

A

extracellular accumulations of hormonal secretory product

65
Q

Cell Types in Pars Distalis

A

ALL cell types present

66
Q

Cell Types in Pars Tuberalis

A

some basophils, NO acidophils

67
Q

Cell Types in Pars Intermedia

A

few basophils, melanotrophs

68
Q

How does the hypothalamus regulate the pituitary gland?

A

hypothalamo-adenohypophyseal system

69
Q

Two cell types in the neurohypophysis?

A

Herring bodies
Neurohypophyseal cells (pituicytes)

70
Q

How does the hypothalamus regulate the adenohypophysis?

A

-hypophysiotropic area neuron cell bodies
-axons project to median eminence/primary capillary plexus
-stimulating factors are released

71
Q

How does hypothalamus regulate neurohypophysis?

A

through hypothalamo-neurohypophyseal system

72
Q

What two collections of cell bodies in hypothalamus have axons in neurohypophysis?

A

supraoptic + paraventricular nuclei

73
Q

Supraoptic & Paraventricular Nuclei cell bodies produce _____ & _____.

A

ADH (antidiuretic hormone)
oxytocin

74
Q

Function of ADH

A

increase water permeability in medullary collecting ducts (concentrate urine, reabsorb water)

75
Q

Function of Oxytocin

A

stimulate contraction of uterine smooth muscle + myoepithelial cells in mammary gland

76
Q

What are the left and right lobes of the thyroid gland connected by?

77
Q

The thyroid gland is formed by caudally growing (endoderm/mesoderm/ectoderm).

78
Q

Term for caudally growing endoderm which forms thyroid gland

A

thyroglossal duct

79
Q

Thyroid follicles are filled with ______.

A

colloid (fluid)

80
Q

Function of colloid

A

stores thyroid hormone (part of thyroglobulin)

81
Q

Characteristic epithelial cell types of follicular cells

A

simple squamous to columnar

82
Q

2 cell types in the thyroid gland

A

follicular cells
parafollicular cells

83
Q

Function of follicular cells in thyroid

A

secrete colloid

84
Q

Another name for parafollicular cells

85
Q

Function of Parafollicular Cells

A

produce calcitonin (thyrocalcitonin)

86
Q

____ stimulates the pituitary and _____ cells produce thyroid hormones and ingest colloid to free thyroid hormones.

A

TSH
follicular cells

87
Q

What are the two thyroid hormones?

A

Triiodothyronine (T3)
Thyroxine (T4)

88
Q

4 Effects of Thyroid Hormone

A

up basal metabolic rate
up carb absorption in intestine
regulate lipid metabolism
body growth & fetal CNS development

89
Q

Two Cell Types in Parathyroid Gland

A

principal cells
oxyphil cells

90
Q

Dark principal cells = (active/inactive) while light = (active/inactive).

A

active
inactive

91
Q

Function of Principal Cells

A

produce parathyroid hormone (PTH)

92
Q

Oxyphil cells of the parathyroid are (acidophilic/basophilic) and filled with ______.

A

acidophilic
mitochondria

93
Q

Function of Oxyphil Cells

94
Q

Function of Parathyroid Gland

A

produce PTH
release PTH

95
Q

What is parathormone (PTH)?

A

polypeptide that maintains blood calcium & phosphorus levels

96
Q

What does PTH stimulate?

A

increase blood calcium
decrease blood phosphorus

97
Q

Two divisions of the adrenal gland

A

cortex
medulla

98
Q

Cortex of adrenal gland is derived from _______.

A

intermediate mesoderm

99
Q

Medulla of adrenal gland is derived from _______.

A

neural crest cells (ectoderm)

100
Q

What tissue type makes up the adrenal gland capsule?

101
Q

What are the 3 zones of the cortex in the adrenal gland (superficial to deep)?

A

zona glomerulosa
zona fasciculata
zona reticularis

102
Q

Function of zona glomerulosa

A

produce mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)

103
Q

What additional structure is seen in the zona fasciculata?

A

lipid droplets

104
Q

Function of zona fasciculata

A

produce glucocorticoids (cortisol)

105
Q

Function of zona reticularis

A

produces cortisol + androgen

106
Q

Innervation of medulla of adrenal gland

A

only sympathetic preganglionic neurons

107
Q

What are cells found in the medulla of the adrenal gland called? Why?

A

chromaffin cells
affinity for chromium salts

108
Q

Two types of chromaffin cells in adrenal medulla

A

Epinephrine (light) cells
Norepinephrine (dark) cells

109
Q

Epinephrine and norepinephrine secretion is stimulated by _______ from SNS preganglionic neurons.

A

acetylcholine

110
Q

What 3 cell types/structures are present in the pineal gland?

A

pinealocytes
glial cells
corpora arenacea

111
Q

Function of pinealocytes

A

produce melatonin

112
Q

(T/F) Melatonin suppresses or stimulates gonadotropin secretion.

113
Q

Two types of gonadotropin

114
Q

Glial cells are known as _______.

A

fibrous astrocytes

115
Q

What structures in the pineal gland are laminated and increase size and number with age?

A

corpora arenacea (brain sand)

116
Q

What 4 cell types are present in the pancreatic islets?

A

A (alpha)
B (beta)
D (delta)
F cells

117
Q

Function of A cells

A

produce glucagon –> increase BG level

118
Q

Function of B cells

A

produce insulin –> decrease BG level

119
Q

Function of D cells

A

produce somatostatin –> decrease pancreatic exocrine secretion

120
Q

Function of F cells

A

produce pancreatic polypeptide –> inhibit pancreatic secretion of exocrine, bicarb, enzyme, bile

Microanatomy (21 decks)

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