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Histology > Pineal Gland, Hypothalamus, & Pituitary > Flashcards

Pineal Gland, Hypothalamus, & Pituitary Flashcards

1
Q

Pineal gland location

A

Adjacent to the 3rd ventricle (cavity)

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2
Q

Functions Of Pineal

A
  • Produces Melatonin (at night)
  • Regulationg of circadian Rhythm (fascilitates sleep cycle)
  • Regulate seasonal biorythms (in animals- where they give birth when more food is available)
  • Produces Serotonin (daytime)
  • Suppresses Gonadal function
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3
Q

What turns serotonin to melatonin at night to facilitate sleep cycle

A

HIOM- hydroxyindole-o-methyltransferase

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4
Q

What promotes melatonin synthesis

A

Direct autonomic sympathetic input from superior cervical gangion (at night)

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5
Q

What Inhibits melatonin synthesis

A

Visual input from retina through suprachiasmatic nucleus (hypothalamus) (DURING THE DAY-interrupting melatonin synthesis)

(JETLAG)

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6
Q

Pinealcyte secretes hormones into…

A

fenestrated cappilarries and carried into body to carry its function

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7
Q

Location Of pinneal gland

A

Center of the brain- PIC

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8
Q

Pinneal Gland Structure

A

Lobular parenchyma invaginated by connective tissue trabeculae
-Surrounding capsule

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9
Q

Specific characteristic of pinneal gland

A

Corpora Arencea- Specific characteristic– the concentration of them accumulate with age
-AKA Brain Sand

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10
Q

Pinealocytes Function

A

They secrete melatonin during darkness

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11
Q

What do glial cells in Pinneal gland do?

A

Direct from monocytes- have phagocytic function

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12
Q

Hypothalamus Location

A
  • Above the pituitary
  • Indistinct (not encapsulated)
  • Cluster of neurons tht secrete hormones
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13
Q

Hypothalamus is composed of different types of specialized neurons that are grouped together and called…

A

Nuclei

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14
Q

Anterior hypothalamus regulates

A

Parasympathtic autonomic NS and body temperature

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15
Q

Posterior Hypothalamus regulates

A

Sympathetic Autonomic NS

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16
Q

Ventro Medial Nucleus in hypothalamus

A

Project to median eminence of pituitary to regulate Appetite, sleep and wake center, emotions, behavior

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17
Q

Median Eminance

A

part of pituitary gland-

in the imfundibuluary stem which contains vascular bed (primary capillary plexus)

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18
Q

Supraoptic Nucleus

A

Regulates water/mineral/metabolism (vasopressin/ Anti deuretic Hormone-ADH)

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19
Q

Paraventricular Nucleus

A

Regulates parturition and milk ejection (oxytocin)

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20
Q

Regulation of adenohypophysis in Hypothalamus

A

Regulates Pituitary

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21
Q

Neurons in the ventral medial, dorsal medial, and infundibulary nuclei project and terminate to the…

A

Median Eminenece and infundibular stalk

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22
Q

Neurons in the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei project down to and terminate at the…

A

Pars Nervosa

23
Q

What artery supplies median eminence and infundibular stalk?

A

Superior Hypophyseal-branches to form capillaries of median eminance

24
Q

What artery supplIes neurohyphophysis?

A

Inferior hypophyseal- branches to form fenestrated capillaries of pars nervosa

25
Q

Releasing and inhibiting hormones/factors of the hypothalamus

A

SEE TABLE

26
Q

Location of Pituitary gland

A

Attached to the hypothalamus and lies in the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone- Used to localize base of brain

27
Q

Subdivisions of Pituitary: Neurohypophysis (Neuronal)

A

pars nervosa, infundibular stalk includes 1)stem and 2)median eminence (contains vascular bed)

28
Q

Subdivisions of Pituitary: Adenohypophysis (epithelial)

A

3 Parts:

  • Pars Distalis (or pars anterior)- Largest part of lobule
  • Pars intermedia
  • Pars Tuberalis- a projection from the adenohypophysis extends doral along the anterior and lateral aspects of the infundibular stalk
29
Q

What does Neural Diencephalon form?

A

Neurohypophysis

30
Q

What does Oral Ectoderm form?

A

Adenohypophysis

31
Q

Infundibulary Stalk and Pars Nervosa found in…

A

Neurohypophysis

32
Q

ADH (Antidiuretic Hormone/Vasopressin)

A
  • Secretion by cell bodies in the Supraoptic Nucleus

- Promotes water reabsorption in kidney collecting ducts

33
Q

Oxytocin Secretion by Paraventricular Nucleus

A

-Stimulates milk ejection in mammary glands and uterine smooth muscle (myometrium) contractions

34
Q

Neurohypophysis Contains

A
  • Pars Nervosa
  • Infundibular Stalk includes A) Stem and B) Median Eminence (vascular bed)- and herrings bodies which has ACH and Oxytocin
35
Q

Adenopophysis 3 Parts

A
  • Pars Distalis (pars anterior)
  • Pars Intermedia- space between pars distalis and pars nervosa
  • Pars Tuberalis
36
Q

Chromophobes

A

Types of parenchymal cells in Pars Distalis: –Lack Granules

  • Follicular (support cells)
  • Undifferentiated cells
37
Q

Chromophils

A

Types of parenchymal cells in Pars Distalis: Secretory Cells
-Acidophils: Stain with eosin and organge G (simple proteins)

-Basophils: Stain with hematoxilin and PAS (glycoproteins) and stain purple

38
Q

Cell types of pars Distalis

A

Chromophobes, Acidophils, Basophils

39
Q

In Chromophil Cells, Acidophils Secrete…

A
  • Somatotrophs (GH) 40-50%

- Mammotrophs (Prl) 15-25%

40
Q

In Chromophil Cells, Basophils Secrete…

A

-Thyrotrophs: TSH/thyrotropin 5%
-Gonadrtrophs:
FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone) 10%
LH (Luteinizing Hormone) 10%
-Corticotrophs: 10-20%
ACTH (adrenocorticotrophic H)
B-Lipotropin
B-Endorphin
MSH (melanocyte stimulating H)

41
Q

Pars Tuberalis

A

Forms a partial collar around infuncdibular stalk

  • Histology (basophils) similar to pars distalis
  • Most Cells secrete gonadotrophins (LH and FSH)
  • Contains primary capillary plexus
42
Q

Location of Pars Tuberalis

A

PIC

-Right above Distalis

43
Q

Pars Intermedia

A

-Contains Basophilic Cells (melanotrophs)
-Organized in cords
Secrete MSH

44
Q

Rathke’s Cysts (remnats of Rathke’s pouch) filled with…

A

Colloid and lined by cuboidal epithelium

45
Q

Pineal Gland Embryology

A

Neuroectodermal Cell origin (Neural Tube Epithelium)

46
Q

What is a ventricle

A

Spaces between folds

47
Q

Herrings Body’s Function

A

Little terminat dialations at the end of axons which store ADH and Oxytocin

48
Q

Sela Turcica

A

Cup-like stucture of bone where pituitary sits in- used to localize in brain

49
Q

Pituitary Sub-DIvisions

A

Adenohypoophysis (epithelial) and Neurohyphysis (neuronal)

50
Q

Neural diencephalon forms…

A

Neurohypophysis–formed because growing tissue of brain grows DOWN

51
Q

Oral Ectodern forms..

A

Adenohypophysis- formed because growing roof of mouth grows UP

52
Q

Nuclei Often seen in Pars Nervosa are…

A

Pituicytes (glial cells)

53
Q

Hormones and binding protein in the Neurohypophysis

A
  1. ADH- Antidiuretic Hormone/ Vasopressin
    - -Secretion by Cell Bodies in the Supraoptic nucleus
    - -Promotes water reabsorption in kidney collecting ducts
  2. Oxytocin secretion by Paraventricular Nucleus
    - -Stimulates milk ejection in mammary gland and uterine contraction
  3. Neurophysin: Carrier glycoprotein associated with the 2 hormones
54
Q

(follicular liquor).

A

accumulations of hyaluronic acid-rich fluid in the Antrum Cavity

Histology (23 decks)

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