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Histology > Nervous Tissue II > Flashcards

Nervous Tissue II Flashcards

1
Q

Central Nervous System

A
  • Cerebrum
  • Cerebellum
  • Spinal Cord
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2
Q

Brain main parts

A
  • Cerebrum
  • Cerebellum
  • Brain Stem
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3
Q

Cerebrum

A

Largest part of the brain, it comprises 85% total weight of the brain and looks like large pink/gray walnut

Controls thinking and speaking and is divided into right and left cerebral hemispheres

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4
Q

Cerebral Cortex

A

Makes up the outside layer of cerebrum composed primarily of gray matter

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5
Q

Basal Ganglia

A

found at the base of thecerebrum. It consists of a large group of neuron cell bonies. Controls and synchronizes movement

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6
Q

Amygdala

A

Important for memory and emotional behavior

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7
Q

Hippocampus

A

Transfers memories from short-term to long-term memory

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8
Q

Cerebellum

A

The second main part of the human brain.

  • Located at the back of the skull
  • Size of golfball (cauliflower)
  • Coordinates movements, motinos, reflexes, sense of balance
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9
Q

Mid-brain

A

Lies between cerebrum and cerebellum it is involved in hearing and sight reflexes

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10
Q

Brain Stem

A

The 3rd major part of the brain. Consists of: Midbrain, medulla, and pons

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11
Q

Medulla

A

Sits at base of brain, regulates heart rate, breathing, and digestion

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12
Q

Pons

A

Located as abulge in the brain stem above medulla, responsible for REM sleep

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13
Q

CNS-Spinal Cord Gray Matter

A

Neuronal cell bodies and support cells called Glial Cells key to gray matter is that the neurons are NOT myelinated. Perikaryons are found throughout sections of gray matter.
-Morphology of gray matter resembles an H resulting in posterior (longer) and anterior (thicker) Horns

-Gray matter is on inside

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14
Q

CNS-Spinal Cord White Matter

A

No Neuronal cell bodies-Many glial cells. Composed primarily of TRACTS. Morphology of unstained or lightly stained tissues appears clear of white with occasional glial nuclei

-White matter in on OUTSIDE

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15
Q

Tracts

A

Groups of myelinated axons

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16
Q

CNS-Cerebrum-Cortex

A

Gray Matter is on OUTSIDE
White Matter is on INSIDE

Cortical Gray Matter:

  • Neurons
  • Glial Cells

Medullary White Matter:

  • Nerve fibers
  • Glial Cells

Function: Higher thought processes and coordination of movement

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17
Q

CNS-Cerebrum-Cortex Histology

A
  1. White and Gray matter position is reversed from that in spina lchord
  2. Gray matter has cell bodies/nerve fibers
  3. At low magnification 6 layers of gray mattter are distinguished
  4. At high magnification 2 layers-Superficial and Pyramidal cells
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18
Q

CNS-Cerebrum- Superficial Layer

A

Comprised of few cells (mostly axons

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19
Q

CNS-Cerebrum- Pyramidal Layer

A

Below Superficial layer

-Axons can reach deep into cortical layers of white matter- some can extend into spinal motor neurons

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20
Q

CNS-Cerebellum

A

Cortical gray matter:
-Neurons and Glial Cells

Central white matter:
-Nerve fibers and Glial cells

Function: Coordination of movements

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21
Q

CNS-Cerebellum Histology

A

Position of white and gray matter is reversed to spinal cord

Grey Matter is composed of cell bodies and nerve fibers

-At low mag- 3 layers of gray matter are seen

A. ML-Unmyelinated Nerve Fibers-Few Perikaryons
B. GL-Large flask-shaped cells whose dendrites penetrate ML (Purkinje cells)
C.GrL-Packed with small multipolar neurons

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22
Q

Glial Cells

A
  • Oligodendocytes
  • Astrocytes
    • Fibrous Astrocytes: Mostly in white matter
    • Protoplasmic Astrocytes: Mostly in gray matter

Microglia: Very small- could be compared to immune system of brain

Ependymal Cells

Together, sustain neurons physically, metabolically, and help regulate ionic concentrations in extracellular space

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23
Q

Glial Cells Histology

A
  1. Found between myelinated fibers-responsible for forming and maintaining the myeling sheath
  2. The all important Nodes of Ranview are formed as spaces are left between folds
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24
Q

Glial Cells Histology- Myelination

A

One Oligodendrocyte cell can myelinate many axons
-myelination is not complete at birth

-Cell division is slow

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25
Q

Histology of Astrocyte

A
  • Starfish shaped, small cells
  • Found between tracts of axons/dendrites
  • Processes are attached to capillaries, axons, or perikaryons
  • When wrapped around capillaries, they engulf them-major players in physical support
  • Can take up K+ and spent neurotransmitters
26
Q

Two types of Astrocytes in Glial Cells

A
  • Fibrous

- Protoplasmic

27
Q

Protoplasmic Astrocytes

A
  • Found only in gray matter
  • Fewer filaments and processes
  • Associated with Perikaryons, dendrites, & synapses
28
Q

Fibrous Astrocytes

A

Found only in white matter

29
Q

Upon injury, what happens to Microglia Glial cells ?

A

They become Reactive Microglia-Actively phaocytic

30
Q

Histology of Ependymal Cells

A
  1. Cells line the ventricles in the brain and central canal of spinal chord
  2. cells are a single layer of epithelial cells containing desmosomes, adherins junctions, gap junctions, & tight junctions
  3. Cells can be cuboidal but are mostly pseudostratified columnar epithelia
  4. Contain microtubule filled cilia that sweep back and forth propelling fluid
  5. Produce and secrete cerevrospinal fluid
31
Q

Meninges

A
  • Dura mater
  • Arachnoid
  • Pia Mater
32
Q

Dura Mater

A
  • Very dense connective tissue
  • Juxtaposed and connected to periosteum of cranial bones by loose connective tissue
  • well vascularized
33
Q

Arachnoid Membranes

A
  • Considered the middle layer conneted to both Dura Mater and Pia Mater
  • Specialized netwrok of flat cells and connective tissues called trabeculae
  • Subarachnoid space is filled with cerebrospinal fluid
  • Loosely conforms to brain folts
34
Q

Pia Mater

A
  • Innter most layer
  • Consists primarily of collagen fibers covered with squamous epithelial cells
  • These cells and collage ECM follow the blood vessels, covering them with a sheet of Pia Mater
35
Q

Blood-Brain Barrier

A

Endothelial Cells and Neurologlial Cells:

- limit the access of lipid soluble material and other macromolecules from blood to brain and spinal cord
 - Resides at the level of endothelial cells lining the blood vessels

Protection

36
Q

Choroid Plexus

A

Highly vascularized epethelial structure lining portions of the cerebral ventricles responsible

37
Q

Circulation

A

Filld ventricles, central spinal canal subarachnoid space and perivascular spaces.

38
Q

Hydrocephalus

A

A major problem caused when CSF is blocked from exiting venricles

39
Q

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

A

Consists of all nerves and supportive cells outside of CNS

  • Afferent system (sensory)
  • Efferent system (motor)
  • Usually seperated anatomically and physiologically into the somatic nervous system (skeletal muscle) and autonomic nervous system (smooth muscle)
40
Q

Ganglia in PNS

A
  • Dorsal Root Ganglia

- Autonomic Ganglia

41
Q

Peripheral Nerves

A
  • Axons
  • Connective tissue coverings
  • Myelination
42
Q

Dorsal Root Ganglia

A

Are collections of cell bodies of Afferent Neurons

a) located at the posterior root of spinal nerves and some cranial nerves
b) histologically perikaryons are round and have a wide range in sizes. Nuclei are centralized
c) primarily Pseudounipolar class of neurons
d) 2 processes branch in sperate directions (one proceeds to periphery the other to CNS making up 1 Axon)
e) peripheral branch is dendritic branch
f) impulses bypass perikaryon
g) neurons are seperated from surrounding connective tissue by satelite cells

43
Q

Autonomic Ganglia

A

Are collections of cell bodies of Efferent Neurons

  • contain multipolar neurons
  • 3 types of ganglia are present based on their location in body
44
Q

Peripheral nerves

A
  • Axons
  • Connective tissue coverings
  • Myelination
45
Q

Peripheral Nerves Connective tissue coverings

A

Epineurium

Perineurium

Endoneurium

46
Q

Epineurium

A

Outer most convering-covers most moderate and large nerves

47
Q

Perineurium

A

directly covers bundles of nerves

48
Q

Endoneurium

A

Vascularized loose connective tissue between individual fibers (outside of Schwann Cells)

49
Q

Myelination- Schwann Cells

A

The primary cell type that myelinates axons,

  • A single cell myelinates one small segment of axon
  • Many cells in a row along an axon form a column with spaces in between called Nodes of Ranvier
50
Q

Schwann Cells in Non-Myelinated Axons

A

Loosly wrapped around multiple axons

-Mesaxon is the cleft formed as 2 or more columns of Schwann cells contact each other in a group of neurons .

51
Q

Regeneration of Nerve Fibers

A
  • Chromatolysis
  • Schwann Cell division and column formation
  • Penetration by growing Nerve fiber
52
Q

4 steps of New Fiber Regeneration

A
  1. About 2 weeks post trauma changes occur in the body
  2. After about 3 weeks, myelin sheath completely dissolves; schwann cells increase cell cycling and proliferate
  3. a continuous column of Schwann cell is formed
  4. about 3 months, the nerve fiber slowly penetrates the Schwann Cell Column
53
Q

About 2 weeks post trauma, what changes occur in the body?

A

it undergoes chromatolysis (nissl bodies dissolve), perikaryon expands, and nuceus moves to one side

54
Q

Nerve Endings-Peripheral Nerves Function

A

To convert physical or chemical stimuli into electrical energy. Also convert different instensities of electrical energies

Classified many ways:

  1. afferent VS efferent
  2. Cause of stimulation
  3. Morphology
    a. Pacinian corpuscles
    b. cause of stimulation
    c. Morphology
    i. Pacinian Corpuscles
    ii. Meissner’s corpuscles
    iii. Free endings
    iv. Muscle spindles
    v. Golgi Tendon Organ
55
Q

Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

A
  • Working with direction by CNS
  • An effect branch of the PNS
  • Ganglia
    • Pre- and Para- Vertebral
    • Terminal
  • Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Brances
  • Nerve Endings
56
Q

ANS-Nerves and Ganglia

A

Parasympathetic and Sympathetic branches have similar features (PIC)

57
Q

Paravertebral Ganglia

A

Located immediately outside of spinal column antero-laterally extending from cervical to sacral regions

58
Q

Prevertebral Ganglia

A

In abdomen

59
Q

Terminal Ganglia

A

Located near the organs to be innervated

60
Q

Opposing effects of sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves

A

Neurepinephrine released from sympathetic nerves to the heart increase heart rate, whereas acetylcholine released from the parasympathetic fibers decrease it

61
Q

Dorsal, Sympathetic Ganglion

A

Cell bodies are spaced closely together (PIC)

Histology (23 decks)

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