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Histology > Lymphoid System I > Flashcards

Lymphoid System I Flashcards

1
Q

Innate (non-specific) immunity

A

Neutrophils and Macrophage can phagosotzie bacteria and remove them from that location
PIC

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2
Q

Natural Killer Cells (NK Cells)

A
  • Surgical Stress reduces NK cell numbers and function
  • Post operative los of NK cell numbers/function is greatest after 3 days and recovers by 1 month
  • Loss of NK cells may allow enhanced seeding of metastatic foci
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3
Q

Acquired (specific) immunity

A

-bacteriafragment is presented by lymphocyte with surfaced (IGD) that acts as receptors. If IGD variable portion is complementary to fragments of bacteria, itll activate the LYMPHOSYTE.

PIC

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4
Q

Acquired (specific) immunity Evolution

A

Sharks are the oldest vertebrate class

  • Have an adaptive immune system based on immunoglobulins (IG)
  • Rearrange mechanisms and T cell receptors and major histocompatiblity complex
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5
Q

Functions of the Lymphoid System

A

Protection and immunity

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6
Q

Functions of the Lymphoid System: Antigen recognition

A

must distinguish self VS non-self

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7
Q

Functions of the Lymphoid System: Antigen Inactivation/Elimination

A

“The immune response”

  1. foreign material
  2. microorganisms
  3. cancer cells
  4. organ transplants (unless from twin, organ translplants will be recognized as foreign so they have to take immunity depressors)
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8
Q

Types of acquired immunity

A

Humoral
-B cell lymphocytes

Cell-mediated
-T cell lymphocytes

PIC

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9
Q

Physical barriers that help the body protect itself in a limited way

A

Bronchi

  • gut- acid, pH change
  • Skin barrier
  • lysozyme in tears
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10
Q

Body Defense Mechanism

A

Physical/Biochemical Barriers
(1st line of defense)

Innane (non-specific) immunity
(2nd line of defense

Acquired (specific) immuninty
(3rd line of defense)

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11
Q

Types of Adaptive Immunity

A

PIC

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12
Q

Sources of Lymphocytes: Bone Marrow and Thymus

A

Central Lymphoid Tissues

all other organs are peripheral lymphoids

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13
Q

Sources of Lymphocytes: B/T cells are derived from…

A

B cells are derived from Bone marrow
T Cells are sent to Thymus to mature

If Stem cells are converting to B Lymphocytes, itll occur in the bone marrow (PIC)

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14
Q

Humoral Immunnity (production of antibodies)

A
  • B cell origin & development
    - Bone Marrow
  • Plasma Cells
  • Antibody (immunoglobulin)
  • Humoral Response
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15
Q

Central Lymphoid Tissues (PIC): Memory Cell functions

A

Help the body have a rapid response if you ever get attacked by the antigen again

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16
Q

Central Lymphoid Tissues (PIC): Fetal Liver Function

A

In the 2nd trimester- the
Fetus produces B lymphocytes in liver.
Production can be reactivated later on in life if bone marrow is damaged due to disease. Liver has a memory from its fetal life

17
Q

Distinguishing characteristics of Plasma Cells

A

Off center nucleus
Abundance of RER - to make immunoglobulins
-sometimes can see cartwheel chromatin

18
Q

Plasma Cells “Antibody factories”

A
  • Produce and Secrete ABS
  • Terminally differentiated
  • Survive weeks to months
19
Q

Basic Structure of Immunoglobulins:

A

2 heavy chains

2 light chains

Both help together by disulfide bonds

Significant, variable portions

(amino acids vary from b cell to b cell)

20
Q

Basic Structure of Immunoglobulins: Variability portion occurs by…

A

Variablility in variaboel portion occurs by somatic recombination

  • Exon Shuffle
  • If final product is complementary to a pathogen then that’s the GO signal to attack them
21
Q

Classes of Immunoglobulin (IG)

A

PIC STUDY GRAPH

22
Q

IgG

A

Most frequent in bodu (80%) in serum

23
Q

What happens when you get imunized?

A

LOOK AT GRAPH

24
Q

5 Different Mechanisms in which antibodies promote humoral response to destroy foreign pathogens:

A
  1. Agglutination
  2. Opsonization
  3. Neutralization
  4. Cytoxicity
  5. Complement Activation
25
Q

5 Different Mechanisms in which antibodies promote humoral response to destroy foreign pathogens: Agglutination

A

Antibodies bind to antigens, forming aggregates and reducing the amount of free antigens

26
Q

5 Different Mechanisms in which antibodies promote humoral response to destroy foreign pathogens: Opsonization

A

Binding of antibodies ot the microorganism stimulates phagocytosis

27
Q

5 Different Mechanisms in which antibodies promote humoral response to destroy foreign pathogens: Neutralization

A

The binding of antibody to microorganism blocls their adhesion to the cells and inactivates toxins

28
Q

5 Different Mechanisms in which antibodies promote humoral response to destroy foreign pathogens: Cytotoxicity

A

Mediated by cells which onvolve antibodies adhering to the surface of worms activating cells of the immune system (eosinophils and macrophages) and inducing them to liberate chemical agents that attack the surface of the animal

29
Q

5 Different Mechanisms in which antibodies promote humoral response to destroy foreign pathogens: Complement Activation

A

Binding of antibodies to the initial protein of the complement system triggers the complement cascade which in turn eventually produces the membrane attack complex (forms transmembrane channels) and causes cell lysis

30
Q

Cell Mediated Immunity:

A
  • T Cell Origin & Development
    - Thymus: Naive T Cell->Mature T cell
  • T Cell Receptors (TCR)
  • T Cell Types (memory, helper, cytotoxic) & Functions
  • Cytokines (Lymphokines)
31
Q

What is PD-1?

A

A cell surface receptor expressed on T Cells. PD-1 and it’s ligands (PD-L1 & PD-L2) down regulate the immune system by reventing the activation of T-cell. PD-1 inhibitors activate the immune Ststem to attack tumors and treat cancer

32
Q

Milestones in Therapy

A

Surgery, radiation, Endocrine, Chemotherapy, Gene Therapy (stem cell), Immunotherapy

33
Q

Peripheral Lymphoid Tissues

A

PIC

34
Q

Antigen Recognition

A

LOOK AT PIC

35
Q

Do All cells contain MHC-1?

A

YES and can interact with CD8+ cells, Cytotoxic T Cells

36
Q

MHC-I

A

Present on all cell types
-interact with CD8+ (cytotoxic) T Cells
-Do NOT pass through Endosome-lysosome vesicles (viruses)
(PIC)

37
Q

MHC-II

A

-Present on APCs
-Interact with CD4+ (helper) T Cells pass through endosome-lysosome vesicles (phagocytosis)
(PIC)

38
Q

Helper T Cell (CD4+)

A

PIC

  • Interact with antigen presenting cells
  • Recognize fragment as foreign and produces interlucens (cytokines)
  • Calls B Cells to produce antibodies
39
Q

Cytotoxic T Celsl (CD8+): Mechanisms of Killing

A

Target cell infected with a virus
-virus is presented to the T cell and if the receptor component of the T cell is complimentary to the Virus then the CTL destorys Target cells via…

  • Perofrin (proteins makes perferations on target cell)
  • FAS Ligand (member of death receptor fam that when activated cause cell to undergo Apoptosis

Necrosis: Necrotic cell death
Apoptosis: Causes cell to destory itself from within (suicide from within)

Histology (23 decks)

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