Liver

Question 1

The liver is an intraperitoneal organ located just under the….

Answer 1

Diaphragm. Its the largest gland in the body!

Question 2

Hepatic Fluid Dynamics

Answer 2

PIC

Question 3

Portal Tract (Portal Triad)

Answer 3

1. Hepatic Arteriole (artery)
2. Portal Venule (vein)
3. Bile Ductule (duct)
4. Lympatic Vessel

Question 4

Portal Tracts require only limited amounts of ____` for support

Answer 4

Connective Tissue

Question 5

Both Arterial and portal blood mix in the sinusoids as they flow towards…

Answer 5

the central vein

Question 6

sinusoids between layers of hepatocytes are lined by …

Answer 6

highly fenestrated endothelium

Question 7

Space of disse

Answer 7

Space adjacent to hepatocyte (the main cell type within liver) so cells/fluid can flow in and out

(SPace between the endothelium lining and Hepatocytes)

Question 8

Liver sinusoids lined by…

Answer 8

phagocytic cells termed “Kupffer Cells” and fat storing cells termed “Ito cells”

Question 9

Both bile and lymph flow in an opposite direction of …

Answer 9

portal and arterial blood

Question 10

Kupffer Cells lining the liver sinusoids absorb india ink and show what color…

Answer 10

black

Question 11

Kupffer cells line the…

Answer 11

liver sinusoids

Question 12

ITO Cells AKA Hepatic Stellate Cell AKA Lipocyte contain…

Answer 12

abundant lipid droplets

Question 13

ITO Cells (Lipocytes) can proliferate and secrete…

Answer 13

Collagen (type 1) to cause cirrhosis (look at healthy and disease pic)

Question 14

Hepatocyte has 2 faces- name them

Answer 14

Sinusoidal and Hepatocellular

Question 15

Hepatocyte Sinusoidal Face

Answer 15

Microvilli of hepatocytes extend into this space of Disse, allowing proteins and other plasma components from the sinusoids to be absorbed by the hepatocytess

Question 16

Hepatocyte Hepatocellular Face

Answer 16

Forms Bile canaliculus

Question 17

Hepatocyte Functions (4)

Answer 17

1. Synthesis of plasma proteins (albumin, fibrinogen)
2. Storage of glucose as glycogen
3. Convert amino acids into glucose (gluconeogenesis)
4. Detoxification and conjugation of ingested toxins

Question 18

Glycogen in liver stains magenta with….

Answer 18

PAS stain

Question 19

Most liver glycogen is used up after…

Answer 19

the first 25 hrs of fasting

Question 20

Somatomedins (IGF) produced predominantly in the liver stimulate…

Answer 20

bone and muscle growth

Question 21

Typical morphological features in extramedullary hematopoiesis in the liver

Answer 21

consist of small aggregates of cells with intensely basophilic nuclei (erythroid) — Fetal Hematopoiesis

Question 22

Bilirubin (produced in the liver) transported to the liver is excreted in…

Answer 22

Bile and gets there via bile canniliculi

Question 23

Jaundice

Answer 23

Accumilation of bilirubin (not going thru bile canaliculi) causing yellowing of skin and eyes. Neonates may have immature liver, adults may have diseased liver

Question 24

What happens to RBC in Macrophages

Answer 24

They are broken down by macrophages, each component of hemoglobin has a different fate.

Question 25

What do Macrophages strip from the heme molecule??

Answer 25

Hemoglobin. Globin is broken down into Amino Acids and recycled. Heme is stripped of Iron and it is recycled.

Question 26

What enzymes conjugate to make bilirubin glucuronide?

Answer 26

In the liver, Enzyme glucuronyltransferase conjugates bilirubin with glucuronic acid

Question 27

Bilirubin glucuronide characteristics

Answer 27

Water soluble and is excreted into the bile canaliculus and eventually the large intestine

Question 28

Gilberts Syndrome

Answer 28

Reduced activity of glucuronyltransferase

Question 29

Crigler-Najjar Syndrome

Answer 29

Severe defficiency of glucuronidation of bilirubin

Question 30

Dubin Johnson and Rotor's Syndrome

Answer 30

Defect in the ability of hepatocytes to secrete conjugated bilirubin into the bile canaliculus

Question 31

Bile acids such as cholic acid are synthesized in...

Answer 31

Hepatocytes and secreted into the bile canaliculus

Question 32

Bile Canaliculus structure

Answer 32

has no structure of its own- its lumen is a sealed-off space between two hepatocytes joined by zonula occludens (tight junctions)

Question 33

Function of Classic Hepatic Lobule

Answer 33

Drains blood from the portal vein and the hepatic artery (portal triad) to the hepatic or the central vein

Question 34

Function of Portal Lobule

Answer 34

Drains bile from hepatocytes to the bile duct

Question 35

Function of Portal Acinus

Answer 35

Supplies oxygenated blood to hepatocytes

Question 36

Hepatic Acinus

Answer 36

Zone 1 has more oxygen and nutrients whereas Zone 3 has the least

Question 37

What is another name for Piit Cells and where do they occur

Answer 37

NK Cell, in the sinusoids

Question 38

Stellate Cell AKA...

Answer 38

ITO

Question 39

What is liver cirrhosis?

Answer 39

1. Liver Failure 2. Portal Hypertension 3. Liver Cancer

Question 40

30-50% of patients dying from malignant diseases have...

Answer 40

Hepatic metastases. The liver is a sink for blood flow so metastatic tumor cells originating elsewhere seed in the liver

Question 41

Another name for bile duct

Answer 41

Herings Canal (which is going from central vein to portal triad

Question 42

Where do Kupffer Cells derive from

Answer 42

Monocytes

Question 43

Bile Canaliculus is connected to adjacent cell via...

Answer 43

Tight (occluding) junction

Question 44

Heterogeneity of Hepatocytes

Answer 44

A reduction of oxygen throughout the cells and toward the central vein causes a change in the ability of hepatocytes to metabolize certain compounds