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Hematology Flashcards

1
Q

Hematocrit: packed cell volume

A

Normal: 45

Anemia: 15

Polycythemia: 65

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2
Q

Hematocrit: packed cell volume- Blood that has been settled down can vary by…

A
  • age
  • gender
  • health condition
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3
Q

Polycythemia

A

can happen naturally if people live in higher elevated places since body compensates lack of oxygen by producing more RBC

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4
Q

Plasma

A

non-cellular component (proteins, anti coaligants)

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5
Q

Platelets

A

fragments of cells

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6
Q

What happens in a blood clot?

A

elements are trapped and what is left is the Serum (fluid with proteins and ions)

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7
Q

Components of formed elements

A
  • Red Blood Cells (erthrocytes)
  • White Blood Cells (Leukocytes)
  • Platelets (from Megakaryocytes)
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8
Q

Components of Plasma

A
  • Water (90%)

- Solutes (10%)

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9
Q

Components of blood (2)

A
  • Formed Elements

- Plasma

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10
Q

Differential Count type of stain used

A

Romanovsky-type stain

Basolphillic-blue
Azurophillic- purple
Eosinophillic- orange
Neutrophillic- pink

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11
Q

Differential Count- how it was prepared for microscope use

A

Slides prepared by

  • Taking a smear
  • pushing the sample forward
  • Dry blood smear with stains

*Concentration of smear counted using a formula

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12
Q

Differential Count-Automated

A
  • Automated hematology blood analysis
  • machine produces a detailed graph
  • patients usually get differential counts everyday to see changes/status of their blood
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13
Q

Differential Count: Neutrophil (job and %)

A

Attacks bacteria, 60-70%

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14
Q

Differential Count: Eosinophil (job and %)

A

Attacks parasites (helminthic worms) and limits inflammation, 2-4%

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15
Q

Differential Count: Basophil (job and %)

A

Mediate Inflammation (bee stings), recruit esoinophils .5%

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16
Q

Differential Count: Lymphocyte (job and %)

A

Mediate humoral and cellular immunity, 28%

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17
Q

Differential Count: Monocyte (job and %)

A

Become phagocytic macrophages, 5%

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18
Q

3 types of granularcytes

A
  • Eosinophil
  • Neutrophil
  • Basophil
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19
Q

2 types of Agranulocytes

A
  • lymphocytes

- monocytes

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20
Q

Leukocytes (WBC) components

A
  • Granulocytes

- Agranulocytes

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21
Q

Granulocytes distinguishing factors

A
  • lobulated nuclei

- large granules

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22
Q

Components of solutes in plasma

A
  • Proteins
  • Small Organics (peptides, amino acids)
  • Inorganics (ions-K,Cl)
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23
Q

Components of proteins in solutes

A
  • Albumin

- Globulin

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24
Q

Globulin contents

A

alph, beta, gamma

25
Plasma Proteins
1. Albumin (60%) contributes to osmotic pressure. 2. Globulins (35%) include immunoglobulins (antibodies) and transport globulins that bind small ions, hormones, and other compounds 3. Fibrinogen (4%) function in forming blood clots
26
Small Organics in Plasma
1. lipids (fatty acids, choloesterol, glycerides) 2. Carbohydrates (primarily glucose) 3. Amino Acids 4. Organic Wastes (urea, creatine, billirubin)
27
Inorganic Plasma Components
Electrolytes (Na, K, C, Mg, Cl, HCO3, HPO4,SO4)
28
Red Blood Cell structure
- No nucleus (can no longer perform repair because it cant perform transcription/translation - Animals have nucleus but humans DO NOT
29
Erthythrocyte Membrane Structure: Components
- Glycophorin - Anion transporter channel - Ankrin
30
Erthythrocyte Membrane Structure: Glycophorin
and anion transporter channel (band 3) are the 2 major transmembrane proteins exposed to the outer surface of the RBC
31
Erthythrocyte Membrane Structure: Anion transporter channel (band 3)
allows HCO3- to cross the plasma membrane in exchange for Cl-. This exchange facillitates the release of CO2 in the lungs
32
Erthythrocyte Membrane Structure: Ankyrin
- Bound to anchorin (intracellular cytoskeleton) | - Ankyrin anchors spectrin to band 3
33
What determines blood type?
Addition of saccaride moiety on to the sequence of sugars
34
O Antigen
Lipid-Glucose-Galactose-N Acetylglucosamine-Galactose-Fucose
35
A Antigen
N-Acetylgalactosamine (GalNac) glycosidically bonded to O antigen
36
B Antigen
Galactose glycosidically bonded to the O antigen
37
Function of Erythrocytes
-Exchagnge O2 and CO2 between the erthrocyte and capillary wall.
38
Sickle Cell Anemia Cause
Point mutation in hemoglobin changing a glutamic acid to valine that renders the erythrocyte sicke shaped and inflexibility (removed by the spleen)
39
Causes of Anemia
Loss of blood-hemorrhage - insufficient production of RBC (low erthyropoietin (epo) from diseased kidney) - RBC with insufficient hemoglobin (iron deficiency)- seen pregnancy bc of baby - Accelerated RBC destruction (sickle Cells)
40
What is Anemia?
Low concentration of hemoglobin in the circulatory system
41
RBC Life Cycle (in normal adult)
120 days - Production/release - Functional lifestan - Hemolysis (>90% are extravascular and <10% are intravascular)
42
Neutrophils Characteristics
- lobulated nuclear cell in the blood - Barr body (shown in females bc of inactive X chromosome) - Starts as band cell ans as it ages, it becomes more lobulated - 5-6 lobules means the cell is ready to get replaced
43
Neutrophils movement by process of...
Chemotaxis toward an area of tissue damage. | -Increase permeability between vessels
44
Diapesis
Ability of RBC to squeeze through vessel
45
How to Neutrophils kill bacteria?
``` (PIC) Mechanism: 1. Oxygen-dependent- Superoxide radicals (O2), Hydrogen peroxide (h2O2) also converted by MPO into hypochlorous acid (HOCl) 2. Oxygen-Independent (lysosomes) ```
46
How Immflammatory cells may damamge DNA and cause cancer
Sometimes neutrophills cause cancer by altering DNA- when attacking bacteria, sometime leak hydrogen peroxide or other reactive oxygen specieis damage normal cells in the infection vicinity (mismatch mutation) - chronic infections can accumulate mutations Non steroidal antiimflammatory drugs: Aspirin, Ibuprofen, ashedomedaphin are taken by ppl with chronic diseases- have a reduced incidience of cancer bc it suppressd the onset of cancer
47
Eosinophil Structure
Externum: - Peroxidase - Hydrolyic Enzyme Internum (crustalline): - Major Basic protein - Eosinophil catonic protein - Neurotoxin
48
Basophils (and mast cells) secrete ...What?
Eosinophil chemotactic factors
49
How do Eosinophils limit inflammation?
By inactivating leukotrienes and histamine
50
Basophilic Granules
- Heparin (anti coagulant) - Proteases - Histamine (vascular permeability) - Esosinophil chemotactic factor
51
Inflammatory Activity of basophils & Mast Cells
LOOK at pic
52
Biological effects of basophils and mast cells
- Immediate hypersensitivity - Asthma **Look at pic
53
Monocyte
Mononuclear phagocyte system
54
Phagocytosis and APC activity of tissue macrophages
LOOK AT PIC
55
Platelet Structure
Pic
56
Platelets help in...
Hemostasis | by adhesion to collagen fibersand act like a clog , activation, and aggregation (primary hemostatic Plus (PIC)
57
Hemostasis
blood clot formed by platelet aggregation with aid of Von Willebrand factor binding factor VIII blood plasma to form fibrin (Hemophillia A is absense of Factor VIII) **Platelets stick immediately to subendothelial collagen
58
Who is more prone to having Hemophilia
European Royalty since they are marrying each other

Histology (23 decks)

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