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Histology > Hematology > Flashcards

Hematology Flashcards

1
Q

Hematocrit: packed cell volume

A

Normal: 45

Anemia: 15

Polycythemia: 65

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2
Q

Hematocrit: packed cell volume- Blood that has been settled down can vary by…

A
  • age
  • gender
  • health condition
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3
Q

Polycythemia

A

can happen naturally if people live in higher elevated places since body compensates lack of oxygen by producing more RBC

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4
Q

Plasma

A

non-cellular component (proteins, anti coaligants)

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5
Q

Platelets

A

fragments of cells

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6
Q

What happens in a blood clot?

A

elements are trapped and what is left is the Serum (fluid with proteins and ions)

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7
Q

Components of formed elements

A
  • Red Blood Cells (erthrocytes)
  • White Blood Cells (Leukocytes)
  • Platelets (from Megakaryocytes)
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8
Q

Components of Plasma

A
  • Water (90%)

- Solutes (10%)

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9
Q

Components of blood (2)

A
  • Formed Elements

- Plasma

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10
Q

Differential Count type of stain used

A

Romanovsky-type stain

Basolphillic-blue
Azurophillic- purple
Eosinophillic- orange
Neutrophillic- pink

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11
Q

Differential Count- how it was prepared for microscope use

A

Slides prepared by

  • Taking a smear
  • pushing the sample forward
  • Dry blood smear with stains

*Concentration of smear counted using a formula

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12
Q

Differential Count-Automated

A
  • Automated hematology blood analysis
  • machine produces a detailed graph
  • patients usually get differential counts everyday to see changes/status of their blood
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13
Q

Differential Count: Neutrophil (job and %)

A

Attacks bacteria, 60-70%

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14
Q

Differential Count: Eosinophil (job and %)

A

Attacks parasites (helminthic worms) and limits inflammation, 2-4%

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15
Q

Differential Count: Basophil (job and %)

A

Mediate Inflammation (bee stings), recruit esoinophils .5%

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16
Q

Differential Count: Lymphocyte (job and %)

A

Mediate humoral and cellular immunity, 28%

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17
Q

Differential Count: Monocyte (job and %)

A

Become phagocytic macrophages, 5%

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18
Q

3 types of granularcytes

A
  • Eosinophil
  • Neutrophil
  • Basophil
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19
Q

2 types of Agranulocytes

A
  • lymphocytes

- monocytes

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20
Q

Leukocytes (WBC) components

A
  • Granulocytes

- Agranulocytes

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21
Q

Granulocytes distinguishing factors

A
  • lobulated nuclei

- large granules

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22
Q

Components of solutes in plasma

A
  • Proteins
  • Small Organics (peptides, amino acids)
  • Inorganics (ions-K,Cl)
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23
Q

Components of proteins in solutes

A
  • Albumin

- Globulin

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24
Q

Globulin contents

A

alph, beta, gamma

25
Q

Plasma Proteins

A
  1. Albumin (60%) contributes to osmotic pressure.
  2. Globulins (35%) include immunoglobulins (antibodies) and transport globulins that bind small ions, hormones, and other compounds
  3. Fibrinogen (4%) function in forming blood clots
26
Q

Small Organics in Plasma

A
  1. lipids (fatty acids, choloesterol, glycerides)
  2. Carbohydrates (primarily glucose)
  3. Amino Acids
  4. Organic Wastes (urea, creatine, billirubin)
27
Q

Inorganic Plasma Components

A

Electrolytes (Na, K, C, Mg, Cl, HCO3, HPO4,SO4)

28
Q

Red Blood Cell structure

A
  • No nucleus (can no longer perform repair because it cant perform transcription/translation
  • Animals have nucleus but humans DO NOT
29
Q

Erthythrocyte Membrane Structure: Components

A
  • Glycophorin
  • Anion transporter channel
  • Ankrin
30
Q

Erthythrocyte Membrane Structure: Glycophorin

A

and anion transporter channel (band 3) are the 2 major transmembrane proteins exposed to the outer surface of the RBC

31
Q

Erthythrocyte Membrane Structure: Anion transporter channel (band 3)

A

allows HCO3- to cross the plasma membrane in exchange for Cl-. This exchange facillitates the release of CO2 in the lungs

32
Q

Erthythrocyte Membrane Structure: Ankyrin

A
  • Bound to anchorin (intracellular cytoskeleton)

- Ankyrin anchors spectrin to band 3

33
Q

What determines blood type?

A

Addition of saccaride moiety on to the sequence of sugars

34
Q

O Antigen

A

Lipid-Glucose-Galactose-N Acetylglucosamine-Galactose-Fucose

35
Q

A Antigen

A

N-Acetylgalactosamine (GalNac) glycosidically bonded to O antigen

36
Q

B Antigen

A

Galactose glycosidically bonded to the O antigen

37
Q

Function of Erythrocytes

A

-Exchagnge O2 and CO2 between the erthrocyte and capillary wall.

38
Q

Sickle Cell Anemia Cause

A

Point mutation in hemoglobin changing a glutamic acid to valine that renders the erythrocyte sicke shaped and inflexibility (removed by the spleen)

39
Q

Causes of Anemia

A

Loss of blood-hemorrhage

  • insufficient production of RBC (low erthyropoietin (epo) from diseased kidney)
  • RBC with insufficient hemoglobin (iron deficiency)- seen pregnancy bc of baby
  • Accelerated RBC destruction (sickle Cells)
40
Q

What is Anemia?

A

Low concentration of hemoglobin in the circulatory system

41
Q

RBC Life Cycle (in normal adult)

A

120 days

  • Production/release
  • Functional lifestan
  • Hemolysis (>90% are extravascular and <10% are intravascular)
42
Q

Neutrophils Characteristics

A
  • lobulated nuclear cell in the blood
  • Barr body (shown in females bc of inactive X chromosome)
  • Starts as band cell ans as it ages, it becomes more lobulated
  • 5-6 lobules means the cell is ready to get replaced
43
Q

Neutrophils movement by process of…

A

Chemotaxis toward an area of tissue damage.

-Increase permeability between vessels

44
Q

Diapesis

A

Ability of RBC to squeeze through vessel

45
Q

How to Neutrophils kill bacteria?

A 
(PIC)
Mechanism:
1. Oxygen-dependent-
Superoxide radicals (O2), Hydrogen peroxide (h2O2) also converted by MPO into hypochlorous acid (HOCl)
2. Oxygen-Independent (lysosomes)
46
Q

How Immflammatory cells may damamge DNA and cause cancer

A

Sometimes neutrophills cause cancer by altering DNA- when attacking bacteria, sometime leak hydrogen peroxide or other reactive oxygen specieis damage normal cells in the infection vicinity
(mismatch mutation) - chronic infections can accumulate mutations

Non steroidal antiimflammatory drugs: Aspirin, Ibuprofen, ashedomedaphin are taken by ppl with chronic diseases- have a reduced incidience of cancer bc it suppressd the onset of cancer

47
Q

Eosinophil Structure

A

Externum:

  • Peroxidase
  • Hydrolyic Enzyme

Internum (crustalline):

  • Major Basic protein
  • Eosinophil catonic protein
  • Neurotoxin
48
Q

Basophils (and mast cells) secrete …What?

A

Eosinophil chemotactic factors

49
Q

How do Eosinophils limit inflammation?

A

By inactivating leukotrienes and histamine

50
Q

Basophilic Granules

A
  • Heparin (anti coagulant)
  • Proteases
  • Histamine (vascular permeability)
  • Esosinophil chemotactic factor
51
Q

Inflammatory Activity of basophils & Mast Cells

A

LOOK at pic

52
Q

Biological effects of basophils and mast cells

A
  • Immediate hypersensitivity
  • Asthma

**Look at pic

53
Q

Monocyte

A

Mononuclear phagocyte system

54
Q

Phagocytosis and APC activity of tissue macrophages

A

LOOK AT PIC

55
Q

Platelet Structure

A

Pic

56
Q

Platelets help in…

A

Hemostasis

by adhesion to collagen fibersand act like a clog , activation, and aggregation (primary hemostatic Plus (PIC)

57
Q

Hemostasis

A

blood clot formed by platelet aggregation with aid of Von Willebrand factor binding factor VIII blood plasma to form fibrin

(Hemophillia A is absense of Factor VIII)

**Platelets stick immediately to subendothelial collagen

58
Q

Who is more prone to having Hemophilia

A

European Royalty since they are marrying each other

Histology (23 decks)

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