Hematology Flashcards
Hematocrit: packed cell volume
Normal: 45
Anemia: 15
Polycythemia: 65
Hematocrit: packed cell volume- Blood that has been settled down can vary by…
- age
- gender
- health condition
Polycythemia
can happen naturally if people live in higher elevated places since body compensates lack of oxygen by producing more RBC
Plasma
non-cellular component (proteins, anti coaligants)
Platelets
fragments of cells
What happens in a blood clot?
elements are trapped and what is left is the Serum (fluid with proteins and ions)
Components of formed elements
- Red Blood Cells (erthrocytes)
- White Blood Cells (Leukocytes)
- Platelets (from Megakaryocytes)
Components of Plasma
- Water (90%)
- Solutes (10%)
Components of blood (2)
- Formed Elements
- Plasma
Differential Count type of stain used
Romanovsky-type stain
Basolphillic-blue
Azurophillic- purple
Eosinophillic- orange
Neutrophillic- pink
Differential Count- how it was prepared for microscope use
Slides prepared by
- Taking a smear
- pushing the sample forward
- Dry blood smear with stains
*Concentration of smear counted using a formula
Differential Count-Automated
- Automated hematology blood analysis
- machine produces a detailed graph
- patients usually get differential counts everyday to see changes/status of their blood
Differential Count: Neutrophil (job and %)
Attacks bacteria, 60-70%
Differential Count: Eosinophil (job and %)
Attacks parasites (helminthic worms) and limits inflammation, 2-4%
Differential Count: Basophil (job and %)
Mediate Inflammation (bee stings), recruit esoinophils .5%
Differential Count: Lymphocyte (job and %)
Mediate humoral and cellular immunity, 28%
Differential Count: Monocyte (job and %)
Become phagocytic macrophages, 5%
3 types of granularcytes
- Eosinophil
- Neutrophil
- Basophil
2 types of Agranulocytes
- lymphocytes
- monocytes
Leukocytes (WBC) components
- Granulocytes
- Agranulocytes
Granulocytes distinguishing factors
- lobulated nuclei
- large granules
Components of solutes in plasma
- Proteins
- Small Organics (peptides, amino acids)
- Inorganics (ions-K,Cl)
Components of proteins in solutes
- Albumin
- Globulin
Globulin contents
alph, beta, gamma
Plasma Proteins
- Albumin (60%) contributes to osmotic pressure.
- Globulins (35%) include immunoglobulins (antibodies) and transport globulins that bind small ions, hormones, and other compounds
- Fibrinogen (4%) function in forming blood clots
Small Organics in Plasma
- lipids (fatty acids, choloesterol, glycerides)
- Carbohydrates (primarily glucose)
- Amino Acids
- Organic Wastes (urea, creatine, billirubin)
Inorganic Plasma Components
Electrolytes (Na, K, C, Mg, Cl, HCO3, HPO4,SO4)
Red Blood Cell structure
- No nucleus (can no longer perform repair because it cant perform transcription/translation
- Animals have nucleus but humans DO NOT
Erthythrocyte Membrane Structure: Components
- Glycophorin
- Anion transporter channel
- Ankrin
Erthythrocyte Membrane Structure: Glycophorin
and anion transporter channel (band 3) are the 2 major transmembrane proteins exposed to the outer surface of the RBC
Erthythrocyte Membrane Structure: Anion transporter channel (band 3)
allows HCO3- to cross the plasma membrane in exchange for Cl-. This exchange facillitates the release of CO2 in the lungs
Erthythrocyte Membrane Structure: Ankyrin
- Bound to anchorin (intracellular cytoskeleton)
- Ankyrin anchors spectrin to band 3
What determines blood type?
Addition of saccaride moiety on to the sequence of sugars
O Antigen
Lipid-Glucose-Galactose-N Acetylglucosamine-Galactose-Fucose
A Antigen
N-Acetylgalactosamine (GalNac) glycosidically bonded to O antigen
B Antigen
Galactose glycosidically bonded to the O antigen
Function of Erythrocytes
-Exchagnge O2 and CO2 between the erthrocyte and capillary wall.
Sickle Cell Anemia Cause
Point mutation in hemoglobin changing a glutamic acid to valine that renders the erythrocyte sicke shaped and inflexibility (removed by the spleen)
Causes of Anemia
Loss of blood-hemorrhage
- insufficient production of RBC (low erthyropoietin (epo) from diseased kidney)
- RBC with insufficient hemoglobin (iron deficiency)- seen pregnancy bc of baby
- Accelerated RBC destruction (sickle Cells)
What is Anemia?
Low concentration of hemoglobin in the circulatory system
RBC Life Cycle (in normal adult)
120 days
- Production/release
- Functional lifestan
- Hemolysis (>90% are extravascular and <10% are intravascular)
Neutrophils Characteristics
- lobulated nuclear cell in the blood
- Barr body (shown in females bc of inactive X chromosome)
- Starts as band cell ans as it ages, it becomes more lobulated
- 5-6 lobules means the cell is ready to get replaced
Neutrophils movement by process of…
Chemotaxis toward an area of tissue damage.
-Increase permeability between vessels
Diapesis
Ability of RBC to squeeze through vessel
How to Neutrophils kill bacteria?
(PIC) Mechanism: 1. Oxygen-dependent- Superoxide radicals (O2), Hydrogen peroxide (h2O2) also converted by MPO into hypochlorous acid (HOCl) 2. Oxygen-Independent (lysosomes)
How Immflammatory cells may damamge DNA and cause cancer
Sometimes neutrophills cause cancer by altering DNA- when attacking bacteria, sometime leak hydrogen peroxide or other reactive oxygen specieis damage normal cells in the infection vicinity
(mismatch mutation) - chronic infections can accumulate mutations
Non steroidal antiimflammatory drugs: Aspirin, Ibuprofen, ashedomedaphin are taken by ppl with chronic diseases- have a reduced incidience of cancer bc it suppressd the onset of cancer
Eosinophil Structure
Externum:
- Peroxidase
- Hydrolyic Enzyme
Internum (crustalline):
- Major Basic protein
- Eosinophil catonic protein
- Neurotoxin
Basophils (and mast cells) secrete …What?
Eosinophil chemotactic factors
How do Eosinophils limit inflammation?
By inactivating leukotrienes and histamine
Basophilic Granules
- Heparin (anti coagulant)
- Proteases
- Histamine (vascular permeability)
- Esosinophil chemotactic factor
Inflammatory Activity of basophils & Mast Cells
LOOK at pic
Biological effects of basophils and mast cells
- Immediate hypersensitivity
- Asthma
**Look at pic
Monocyte
Mononuclear phagocyte system
Phagocytosis and APC activity of tissue macrophages
LOOK AT PIC
Platelet Structure
Pic
Platelets help in…
Hemostasis
by adhesion to collagen fibersand act like a clog , activation, and aggregation (primary hemostatic Plus (PIC)
Hemostasis
blood clot formed by platelet aggregation with aid of Von Willebrand factor binding factor VIII blood plasma to form fibrin
(Hemophillia A is absense of Factor VIII)
**Platelets stick immediately to subendothelial collagen
Who is more prone to having Hemophilia
European Royalty since they are marrying each other
