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GERR > Physiology - Metabolism , physical and functional anatomy of the liver > Flashcards

Physiology - Metabolism , physical and functional anatomy of the liver Flashcards

1
Q

where does the hepatic portal vein to the liver originate from?

a.large intestine
b.small intestine
c.spleen
d.IVC

A

b.small intestine

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2
Q

a circularatory system involving 2 capillary beds separated by a portal vein is known as..

a.systemic
b.portal

A

b.portal

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3
Q

what happens to blood pressure in the hepatic portal vein following a meal

a.increase
b.decrease
c.no change

A

a.increase

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4
Q

what is essential in order to maintain a high blood flow in the liver despite a small difference in pressure between the arteries and veins of the liver

a.high resistance
b.low resistance

A

b.low resistance

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5
Q

what makes up a portal triad?

a.hepatic vein, portal artery and bile duct
b.hepatic vein, portal artery and bile caniliculi
c.sinusoid, hepatocytes andcentral vein
d.hepatic artery, portal vein and bile duct

A

d.hepatic artery, portal vein and bile duct

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6
Q

how many portal triads are there per lobule in the liver?

a.2
b.3
c.6
d.4

A

c.6

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7
Q

which direction does blood flow in a lobule of the liver?

a.rim(nearest portal triad) to centre
b.from centre (furthest from portal triad) to rim

A

a.rim(nearest portal triad) to centre

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8
Q

which zone of the liver lobule is closest to the central vein?

a.1
b.2
c.3

A

a.3

1 is nearest portal triad in centre between two adjacent lobules, then 2 , then 3 at central vein

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9
Q

what is the correct order of zones of a lobule from rim to centre

a.1,2,3
b.3,2,1

A

a.1,2,3

rim is nearest the portal triads, centre refers to central vein in middle of lobule

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10
Q

which direction does bile flow in a lobule of the liver?

a.rim to centre
b.centre to rim

A

b.centre to rim
via canaliculi

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11
Q

which cell type are found in lobules?

a.macrophages
b.kupffers cells
c.b lymphocytes
d.phagocytes

A

b.kupffers cells

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12
Q

which of these is NOT a function of the liver

a.carb, fat, protein metabolism
b.detoxification
c.pathogen destruction
d.bile manufacture
e.bile storage

A

e.bile storage

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13
Q

energy after a meal is due to glucose being converted to which substance?

a.glycogen
b.glucagon
c.ATP
d. NADP

A

c.ATP

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14
Q

insulin stimulates which enzyme to convert glucose to glycogen after a meal?

a.glycogen phosphorylase
b.glycogen synthase
c.insulinase
d.glucose kinase

A

b.glycogen synthase

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15
Q

which of these substances does NOT induce lipolysis in an immediate fasting state?

a.glucagon
b.cortisol
c.catecholamines
d.insulin

A

d.insulin

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16
Q

lipolysis produces glycerol and fatty acids , the fatty acids are converted to ketones what are is the glycerol converted to

a.amino acids
b.lactate
c.glucose
d.pyruvate

A

c.glucose

combines with pyruvate, amino acids and lactic acid

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17
Q

which of these substances stimulates both lipolysis and glycogenolysis

a.inuslin
b.catecholamines
c.cortisol
d.pyruvates

A

b.catecholamines

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18
Q

cholesterol, phospholipids and lipoproteins are mainly formed in which organ

a.liver
b.kidney
c,spleen

A

a.liver

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19
Q

what are fatty acids converted to prior to forming cholesterol lipoproteins and phospholipids

a.pyruvate
b.AcoA
c.cAMP
d.lipids

A

b.AcoA

20
Q

after a meal glucose and amino acids combine to form AcoA , the glucose is also converted to glycerophosphateand combined with which substance formed from the AcoA to make triglcerides

a.FFAs
b.cholesterol
c.lipoprtiens

A

a.FFAs

21
Q

how are fatty acids converted to ketones in the fasting state?

a.alpha oxidation
b.reduction
c.beta oxidation
d.gluconeogenesis
e.lipolysus

A

c.beta oxidation

22
Q

the liver is the main site of synthesis of circulating proteins except ..

a.albumin, globulin and fibrinogen
b.transport and carrier proteins
c.coagulation factors
d.immuno globulins

A

d.immuno globulins

23
Q

amino acids in the intestine and muscles undergo which process in the liver to be converted to other amino acids during protein synthesis

a.transamination
b.condensation
c.deamination
d.polymerisation
e.esterification

A

a.transamination

24
Q

during protein degradation amino acids undergo which process (producing energy and glucose) to form ammonia

a.transamination
b.condensation
c.deamination
d.polymerisation
e.esterification

A

c.deamination

25
Q

urea is formed in the liver from combination of amonia from deamination ofd amino acids and which other substance

a.h2o
b.co2
c.c
d.glucose

A

b.co2

26
Q

which of these vitamins is NOT stored in the liver

a.A
b.D
c.E
d.K
e.C

A

e.C

ADEK and B12 stored in liver

27
Q

which vitamin is stored and activated in the liver

a.A
b.D
c.E
d.K
e.B12

A

b.D

absorbed as fat soluble vitamin or manufactured by skin in UV

28
Q

vitamin D is hydroxylated to what in the liver in the first stage of vit D activation

a.25 (OH) cholecalciferol
b.1,25 (OH)2 cholecalciferol

A

a.25 (OH) cholecalciferol

29
Q

vitamin D is hydroxylated to what in the kidney in the second stage of vit D activation

a.25 (OH) cholecalciferol
b.1,25 (OH)2 cholecalciferol

A

b.1,25 (OH)2 cholecalciferol

30
Q

which of these is the active form of vitamin D

a.25 (OH) cholecalciferol
b.1,25 (OH)2 cholecalciferol

A

b.1,25 (OH)2 cholecalciferol

31
Q

where is alkaline phosphatase , Hb , fat soluble drugs, alcohol , trace metals and ammonia detoxified

a.liver
b.kidney
c.spleen

A

a.liver

32
Q

bile is composed of bile pigments, acids, and other substances in what medium

a.acid
b.alkaline
c.neutral

A

b.alkaline

33
Q

what is the role of bile acids (derived from cholesterol)
a. fat emulsification and absorption
b.removal of waste products from the blood

A

a. fat emulsification and absorption

34
Q

what is the role of bile pigments and cholesterol
a. fat emulsification and absorption
b.removal of waste products from the blood

A

b.removal of waste products from the blood

35
Q

when Hb is broken down it forms bilirubin what does this combine with to make conjugated bilirubin

a.ferritin
b.transferrin
c.albumin
d.fibrinogen

A

c.albumin

36
Q

how is bilirubin transported into hepatocytes?

a.channel protein
b.carrier protein
c.GLUT 4
d. SGLT 1
e.OATP

A

e.OATP

organic anion transport protein

37
Q

inside the cell bilirubin combines with glucoronic acid to form bilirubin diglucuronide which enzyme is responsible for this reaaction

a.transaminase
b.glucokinase
c.glucoronyl transferase
d.urobilinogens

A

c.glucoronyl transferase

38
Q

what is the role of glucoronyl transferase in bilirubin metabolismn

a.combine albumin and bilirubin
b.transport bilirubin and albumin into the hepatocyte
c.combine glucoronic acid and bilirubin

A

c.combine glucoronic acid and bilirubin

form bilirubin diglucoronide

39
Q

via which protein does bilirubin diglucuronide leave the hepatocyte to form bile and eneter the intestine

a.multidrug resistant protein 2
b.glucoronyl transferase
c.GLUT 4
d. SGLT 1
e.OATP

A

a.multidrug resistant protein 2

40
Q

what is bile converted to in the intestines in order to be absorbed in plasma, excreted in faeces or urine

a.biliverdin
b.bilirubin diglucoroide
c.urobilinogens

A

c.urobilinogens

41
Q

gall stones

A

cholesterol crystals or calcium billirubinate
v painful

42
Q

what is the correct ratio of bile acids : phosphatidylcholine: cholesterol in order to form micelles

a.10:3:1
b.1:3: 10

A

a.10:3:1

DISRUPTION DUE TO HIGH CHOLESTEROL leads to gall stone formation

43
Q

which of these is caused by excess free/ conjugated billirubin the blood~?

a.gallstones
b.jaundice

A

b.jaundice

44
Q

jaundice

A

excess bilirubin in blood
yellow skin, sclera, mucous membranes

45
Q

prehepatic jaundice refers to jaundice caused by…

a.excess bilirubin production

b.decreadsed uptake of bilirubin , disturbed binding or insufficient transport of billirubin into canaliculi

c.bile duct or gall bladder obstruction

A

a.excess bilirubin production

46
Q

hepatic jaundice refers to jaundice caused by…

a.excess bilirubin production

b.decreadsed uptake of bilirubin , disturbed binding or insufficient transport of billirubin into canaliculi

c.bile duct or gall bladder obstruction

A

b.decreadsed uptake of bilirubin , disturbed binding or insufficient transport of billirubin into canaliculi

47
Q

posthepatic jaundice refers to jaundice caused by…

a.excess bilirubin production

b.decreadsed uptake of bilirubin , disturbed binding or insufficient transport of billirubin into canaliculi

c.bile duct or gall bladder obstruction

A

c.bile duct or gall bladder obstruction

GERR (53 decks)

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