Physiology - Metabolism , physical and functional anatomy of the liver Flashcards
where does the hepatic portal vein to the liver originate from?
a.large intestine
b.small intestine
c.spleen
d.IVC
b.small intestine
a circularatory system involving 2 capillary beds separated by a portal vein is known as..
a.systemic
b.portal
b.portal
what happens to blood pressure in the hepatic portal vein following a meal
a.increase
b.decrease
c.no change
a.increase
what is essential in order to maintain a high blood flow in the liver despite a small difference in pressure between the arteries and veins of the liver
a.high resistance
b.low resistance
b.low resistance
what makes up a portal triad?
a.hepatic vein, portal artery and bile duct
b.hepatic vein, portal artery and bile caniliculi
c.sinusoid, hepatocytes andcentral vein
d.hepatic artery, portal vein and bile duct
d.hepatic artery, portal vein and bile duct
how many portal triads are there per lobule in the liver?
a.2
b.3
c.6
d.4
c.6
which direction does blood flow in a lobule of the liver?
a.rim(nearest portal triad) to centre
b.from centre (furthest from portal triad) to rim
a.rim(nearest portal triad) to centre
which zone of the liver lobule is closest to the central vein?
a.1
b.2
c.3
a.3
1 is nearest portal triad in centre between two adjacent lobules, then 2 , then 3 at central vein
what is the correct order of zones of a lobule from rim to centre
a.1,2,3
b.3,2,1
a.1,2,3
rim is nearest the portal triads, centre refers to central vein in middle of lobule
which direction does bile flow in a lobule of the liver?
a.rim to centre
b.centre to rim
b.centre to rim
via canaliculi
which cell type are found in lobules?
a.macrophages
b.kupffers cells
c.b lymphocytes
d.phagocytes
b.kupffers cells
which of these is NOT a function of the liver
a.carb, fat, protein metabolism
b.detoxification
c.pathogen destruction
d.bile manufacture
e.bile storage
e.bile storage
energy after a meal is due to glucose being converted to which substance?
a.glycogen
b.glucagon
c.ATP
d. NADP
c.ATP
insulin stimulates which enzyme to convert glucose to glycogen after a meal?
a.glycogen phosphorylase
b.glycogen synthase
c.insulinase
d.glucose kinase
b.glycogen synthase
which of these substances does NOT induce lipolysis in an immediate fasting state?
a.glucagon
b.cortisol
c.catecholamines
d.insulin
d.insulin
lipolysis produces glycerol and fatty acids , the fatty acids are converted to ketones what are is the glycerol converted to
a.amino acids
b.lactate
c.glucose
d.pyruvate
c.glucose
combines with pyruvate, amino acids and lactic acid
which of these substances stimulates both lipolysis and glycogenolysis
a.inuslin
b.catecholamines
c.cortisol
d.pyruvates
b.catecholamines
cholesterol, phospholipids and lipoproteins are mainly formed in which organ
a.liver
b.kidney
c,spleen
a.liver
what are fatty acids converted to prior to forming cholesterol lipoproteins and phospholipids
a.pyruvate
b.AcoA
c.cAMP
d.lipids
b.AcoA
after a meal glucose and amino acids combine to form AcoA , the glucose is also converted to glycerophosphateand combined with which substance formed from the AcoA to make triglcerides
a.FFAs
b.cholesterol
c.lipoprtiens
a.FFAs
how are fatty acids converted to ketones in the fasting state?
a.alpha oxidation
b.reduction
c.beta oxidation
d.gluconeogenesis
e.lipolysus
c.beta oxidation
the liver is the main site of synthesis of circulating proteins except ..
a.albumin, globulin and fibrinogen
b.transport and carrier proteins
c.coagulation factors
d.immuno globulins
d.immuno globulins
amino acids in the intestine and muscles undergo which process in the liver to be converted to other amino acids during protein synthesis
a.transamination
b.condensation
c.deamination
d.polymerisation
e.esterification
a.transamination
during protein degradation amino acids undergo which process (producing energy and glucose) to form ammonia
a.transamination
b.condensation
c.deamination
d.polymerisation
e.esterification
c.deamination
urea is formed in the liver from combination of amonia from deamination ofd amino acids and which other substance
a.h2o
b.co2
c.c
d.glucose
b.co2
which of these vitamins is NOT stored in the liver
a.A
b.D
c.E
d.K
e.C
e.C
ADEK and B12 stored in liver
which vitamin is stored and activated in the liver
a.A
b.D
c.E
d.K
e.B12
b.D
absorbed as fat soluble vitamin or manufactured by skin in UV
vitamin D is hydroxylated to what in the liver in the first stage of vit D activation
a.25 (OH) cholecalciferol
b.1,25 (OH)2 cholecalciferol
a.25 (OH) cholecalciferol
vitamin D is hydroxylated to what in the kidney in the second stage of vit D activation
a.25 (OH) cholecalciferol
b.1,25 (OH)2 cholecalciferol
b.1,25 (OH)2 cholecalciferol
which of these is the active form of vitamin D
a.25 (OH) cholecalciferol
b.1,25 (OH)2 cholecalciferol
b.1,25 (OH)2 cholecalciferol
where is alkaline phosphatase , Hb , fat soluble drugs, alcohol , trace metals and ammonia detoxified
a.liver
b.kidney
c.spleen
a.liver
bile is composed of bile pigments, acids, and other substances in what medium
a.acid
b.alkaline
c.neutral
b.alkaline
what is the role of bile acids (derived from cholesterol)
a. fat emulsification and absorption
b.removal of waste products from the blood
a. fat emulsification and absorption
what is the role of bile pigments and cholesterol
a. fat emulsification and absorption
b.removal of waste products from the blood
b.removal of waste products from the blood
when Hb is broken down it forms bilirubin what does this combine with to make conjugated bilirubin
a.ferritin
b.transferrin
c.albumin
d.fibrinogen
c.albumin
how is bilirubin transported into hepatocytes?
a.channel protein
b.carrier protein
c.GLUT 4
d. SGLT 1
e.OATP
e.OATP
organic anion transport protein
inside the cell bilirubin combines with glucoronic acid to form bilirubin diglucuronide which enzyme is responsible for this reaaction
a.transaminase
b.glucokinase
c.glucoronyl transferase
d.urobilinogens
c.glucoronyl transferase
what is the role of glucoronyl transferase in bilirubin metabolismn
a.combine albumin and bilirubin
b.transport bilirubin and albumin into the hepatocyte
c.combine glucoronic acid and bilirubin
c.combine glucoronic acid and bilirubin
form bilirubin diglucoronide
via which protein does bilirubin diglucuronide leave the hepatocyte to form bile and eneter the intestine
a.multidrug resistant protein 2
b.glucoronyl transferase
c.GLUT 4
d. SGLT 1
e.OATP
a.multidrug resistant protein 2
what is bile converted to in the intestines in order to be absorbed in plasma, excreted in faeces or urine
a.biliverdin
b.bilirubin diglucoroide
c.urobilinogens
c.urobilinogens
gall stones
cholesterol crystals or calcium billirubinate
v painful
what is the correct ratio of bile acids : phosphatidylcholine: cholesterol in order to form micelles
a.10:3:1
b.1:3: 10
a.10:3:1
DISRUPTION DUE TO HIGH CHOLESTEROL leads to gall stone formation
which of these is caused by excess free/ conjugated billirubin the blood~?
a.gallstones
b.jaundice
b.jaundice
jaundice
excess bilirubin in blood
yellow skin, sclera, mucous membranes
prehepatic jaundice refers to jaundice caused by…
a.excess bilirubin production
b.decreadsed uptake of bilirubin , disturbed binding or insufficient transport of billirubin into canaliculi
c.bile duct or gall bladder obstruction
a.excess bilirubin production
hepatic jaundice refers to jaundice caused by…
a.excess bilirubin production
b.decreadsed uptake of bilirubin , disturbed binding or insufficient transport of billirubin into canaliculi
c.bile duct or gall bladder obstruction
b.decreadsed uptake of bilirubin , disturbed binding or insufficient transport of billirubin into canaliculi
posthepatic jaundice refers to jaundice caused by…
a.excess bilirubin production
b.decreadsed uptake of bilirubin , disturbed binding or insufficient transport of billirubin into canaliculi
c.bile duct or gall bladder obstruction
c.bile duct or gall bladder obstruction
