Physiology - Digestion and secretion Flashcards
what type of glands are oxyntic glands that secrete in response to food and are found in the stomach?
a.single cell mucous glands
b.pit glands
c.tubular glands
d.complex glands
c.tubular glands
what type of glands are goblet cells which secrete mucous in response to epithelial irritation?
a.single cell mucous glands
b.pit glands
c.tubular glands
d.complex glands
a.single cell mucous glands
what type of glands are the salivary glands , pancreas and liver?
a.single cell mucous glands
b.pit glands
c.tubular glands
d.complex glands
d.complex glands
which of these glands is a tubular gland
a.oxyntic glands in stomach
b.salivary glands
c.crypts of lieberkuhn
a.oxyntic glands in stomach
which of these glands is a complex
a.oxyntic glands in stomach
b.salivary glands
c.crypts of lieberkuhn
b.salivary glands
which type of secretion contains H2O and electrolytes from the ECF?
a.aqueous
b.organic
c.mucous
a.aqueous
which type of secretion contains H20 electrolytes and glycoproteins?
a.aqueous
b.organic
c.mucous
c.mucous
which type of secretion is stored in vesicles and is made via ATP dependent synthesis in the ER and the golgi?
a.aqueous
b.organic
c.mucous
b.organic
what effect does parasympathetic stimulation have on secretion?
a.increased glandular secretion via glossopharangeal /vagus nerve
b.decreased glandular secretion via glossopharangeal/ vagus nerve
c.decreased glandular secretion due to gastric vasoconstriction
d.increased glandular secretion via gastric vasoconstriction
a.increased glandular secretion via glossopharangeal /vagus nerve
what effect does sympathetic stimulation have on secretion?
a.increased glandular secretion via glossopharangeal /vagus nerve
b.decreased glandular secretion via glossopharangeal/ vagus nerve
c.decreased glandular secretion due to gastric vasoconstriction
d.increased glandular secretion via gastric vasoconstriction
c.decreased glandular secretion due to gastric vasoconstriction
food stimulating release of GI hormones is an example of which type of regulation of secretion
a.local
b.autonomic
c.endocrine
c.endocrine
which of these glands is NOT responsible for secretion of saliva?
a.parotid
b.buccal
c.submandibular
d.sublingual
e.oxyntic
e.oxyntic
the parotid glands contain pytalin and lysozyme, which type of glands are these?
a.aqueous
b.serous
c.mucous
b.serous
which of these glands is serous acinar?
a.parotid
b.buccal
c.sublingual
a.parotid
which of these glands is mucal acinar ?
a.parotid
b.buccal
c.sublingual
b.buccal
saliva is ……….. to plasma
a.isotonic
b.hypotonic
c.hypertonic
b.hypotonic
which of these correctly describes the pH of saliva?
a.strongly acidic
b.neutral
c,strongly alkaline
d.slightly alkaline
e,slightly acidic
d.slightly alkaline
acinar secretion, ductal epithelial transport, blood flow via vasoactive intestinal peptide and Ach, ,contraction of acinar myoepithelial cells and flow of enzyme rich saliva are all responses to which type of stimulation?
a.sympathetic
b.parasympathetic
b.parasympathetic
which of these are responsible for secretion of mucous and HCO3- int he stomach
a.columnar epithelial cells
b. tubular cells
c.oxyntic glands
d.pyloric glands
e.crypts of leburkuhn
a.columnar epithelial cells
which of these are responsible for secretion of HCL, pepsinogen. intrinsic factor, histamine, somatostin and mucous in the stomach
a.columnar epithelial cells
b. tubular cells
c.oxyntic glands
d.pyloric glands
e.crypts of leburkuhn
c.oxyntic glands
which of these are responsible for secretion of gastrin and mucous in the stomach
a.columnar epithelial cells
b. tubular cells
c.oxyntic glands
d.pyloric glands
e.crypts of leburkuhn
d.pyloric glands
which cells of the oxyntic glands produce mucous
a.mucous neck cells
b.parietal cells
c.enterochromaffin like cells
d.chief cells
e.D cells
a.mucous neck cells
which cells of the oxyntic glands produce HCL and intrinsic factor
a.mucous neck cells
b.parietal cells
c.enterochromaffin like cells
d.chief cells
e.D cells
b.parietal cells
which cells of the oxyntic glands produce histamine
a.mucous neck cells
b.parietal cells
c.enterochromaffin like cells
d.chief cells
e.D cells
c.enterochromaffin like cells
which cells of the oxyntic glands produce histamine
a.mucous neck cells
b.parietal cells
c.enterochromaffin like cells
d.chief cells
e.D cells
c.enterochromaffin like cells
which cells of the oxyntic glands produce pepsinogen
a.mucous neck cells
b.parietal cells
c.enterochromaffin like cells
d.chief cells
e.D cells
d.chief cells
which cells of the oxyntic glands produce somatostatin
a.mucous neck cells
b.parietal cells
c.enterochromaffin like cells
d.chief cells
e.D cells
e.D cells
what diffuses following CL- exiting parietal cells into the lumen of the canaliculus in response to the negative potential created?
a.Na+
b.K+
c. Ca2+
b.K+
which of these reactions occurs in the parietal cells of oxyntic glands
a.co2 + h2o -> HCO3- + H+
b.co2 + H2O -> H2CO3
c.HCO3- + H+ -> CO2 + H2O
a.co2 + h2o -> HCO3- + H+
H2O passes from the ………… to the ………….. via osmosis during HCL secretion from parietal cells of oxyntic glands
a.lumen of canaliculus , proximal tubule
b.ECF , lumen of caniculus
c.mucous neck cells, ECF
b.ECF , lumen of caniculus
Which enzyme is responsible for conversion of water and co2 to hco3- and h+ in the parietal cells during HCL secretion
a.carbonic hydroxylase
b.adenyl cyclase
c.protein kinase A
d.carbonic anhydrase
d.carbonic anhydrase
HCO3- leaves parietal cells into the blood via secondary active transport in exchange for which substance entering the cell?
a.Na+
b.co2
c.Cl-
d.Ca2+
e.Ca2+
c.Cl-
what is secreted from 😱 the cholinergic nerve terminals following vagal stimulation
a.HCl
b.Cl-
c.epinephrine
d.acetylcholine
d.acetylcholine
gastrin is secreted by the G cells in pyloric glands in response to which stimulus?
a.food bolus
b.glucose
c.proteins
d.enzymatic release
c.proteins
histamine is secreted by ECL cells in response to …..
a.HCl
b.Ach
c.gastrin
d.pepsinogen
e.somatostain
c.gastrin
what is the correct order of events in stimulation of acid secretion
Ach secreted after vagal stimulation
protein stimulates gastrin secretion by G cells in pyloric glands
gastrin stimulates ECL cells to release histamine
which of these substances does not lead to inhibition of gastrin release from g cells in pyloric glands
a.secretin
b.histamine
c.cck
d.GIP
b.histamine
intrinsic factor is secreted by parietal cells. It is essential for absorption of which vitamin
a.vit c
b.vit B12
c,vit D
d.vit K
b.vit B12
B12 when dimerised with which substance ,secreted by the parietal cells, protect from GI secretions and enable receptor binding
a.Intrinsic factor
b.histamine
c.pepsinogen
d.somatostatin
e.HCL
a.Intrinsic factor
in pernicious anaemia antibodies against the parietal cells lead to a defficiency of which secretion
a.mucous
b.intrinsic factor
c.histamine
d.pepsinogen
d.somatostain
b.intrinsic factor
pepsinogen is activated to pepsin in what conditions
a.neutral duodenum pH
b.high stomach pH
c.low stomach pH
c.low stomach pH
a break in the epithelial surface leading to inflammation and fibrosis due to a imbalance between acid production and mucosal barrier
peptic ulceration
infection with which bacteria can lead to a peptic ulcer
a.helicobacter pylori
b.e coli
c.neisseria meningitis
d.streptococcus
a.helicobacter pylori
which of these drugs can predispose peptic ulcers?
a.ACE inhibitors
b.Beta blockers
c.SGLUT 2 inhibitors
d.NSAIDS
d.NSAIDS
alkali suspension, protective coatings, proton pump inhibitors, muscarinic receptor blockers , PGE1 analogues, and antibiotics are used to treat which condition
peptic ulcer
what cells have acid secretion inhibited by proton pump inhibitors in cases of peptic ulcer
a.mucous neck cells
b.parietal cells
c.ECL
d.chief cells
e.d cells
b.parietal cells
how do PGE1 analogues aid treatment of peptic ulcers
a.alkali suspension
b.inhibition of parietal cell acid secretion
c. reduced stimulation of acid secretion
d.increased mucous production
e.treat helicobacter pylori infection
d.increased mucous production
how do muscarinic receptor blockers aid treatment of peptic ulcers
a.alkali suspension
b.inhibition of parietal cell acid secretion
c. reduced stimulation of acid secretion
d.increased mucous production
e.treat helicobacter pylori infection
c. reduced stimulation of acid secretion
alginates and bismuth are examples of what treatment for peptic ulcers
a.proton pump inhibitors
b.muscarinic receptor blockers
c.protective coatings
d.pge1 analogues
e.antibitoics
c.protective coatings
what is the correct order of phases of pancreatic secretion
a.cephalic, gastric intestinal
b.gastric, cephalic, intestinal
c. intestinal, gastric, cephalic
a.cephalic, gastric, intestinal
what stimulation is triggered by sight smell thought and taste during the cephalic phase of pancreatic secretion
a.parasympathetic vagal
b.sympathetic vagal
a.parasympathetic vagal
what triggers vasovagal and gastropancreatic reflexes in the gastric phase of pancreatic secretion
a.smell taste thought
b.stomach distention
c.acid in the intestine
b.stomach distention
acid in the intestine leads to release of which hormone in the intestinal phase of pancreatic secretion
a. secretin
b.cck
c.epinephrine
a. secretin
proteins and fatty acid in the intestine leads to release of which hormone in the intestinal phase of pancreatic secretion
a. secretin
b.cck
c.epinephrine
b.cck
secretion of NaHCO3 from the bile duct is increased by…
a.cck
b.histamine
c.pepsinogen
d.secretin
d.secretin
what happens following fatty acids in the duodenum triggering a CCK release from I cells
a.gall bladder relaxation
b.gall bladder contraction
c.relaxation of sphincter of oddi
b.gall bladder contraction
which structure relaxes following cck release from I cells to allow emptying via the common bile duct
a.gall bladder
b.pancreas
c.sphincter of oddi
c.sphincter of oddi
bile salts are synthesised in which organ from cholesterol
a.pancreas
b.gall bladder
c.liver
d.kidney
c.liver
what are the 2 functions of bile salts
emulsification increasing sa for lipases
combine with lipid digestion products to form micelles for absorption
inactive precursors of proteases and peptidases are activated by which enzyme
a.carbonic anhydrase
c.protein kinase a
d,enterokinase
d,enterokinase
which of these enzymes secreted by the pancreas does not convert proteases polypetides to polypeptides and amino acids
a.trypsin
b.chymotrypsin
c.carboxypeptidase
d.pepsin
d.pepsin
converts proteins to the proteoses and polypeptides in first stage
which of these secreted by the pancreas enzymes converts polypeptides and amino acids to amino acids
a.trypsin
b.chymotrypsin
c.carboxypeptidase
d.pepsin
e.peptidases
e.peptidases
which of these pancreatic enzymes hydrolyses starcg, glycogen and carbohydrates to oligosaccharides
a.trypsin
b.chymotrypsin
c.carboxypeptidase
d.pepsin
e.amylase
e.amylase
which of these pancreatic lipases hydrolyses triglycerides to monoglycerides and FFAs
a.cholesterol esterase
b.pancreatic lipase
c.phospholipase A2
b.pancreatic lipase
which of these pancreatic lipases is responsible for hydrolysis of cholesterol esters
a.cholesterol esterase
b.pancreatic lipase
c.phospholipase A2
a.cholesterol esterase
which of these pancreatic lipases is responsible for hydrolysis of phospholipids to form fatty acids
a.cholesterol esterase
b.pancreatic lipase
c.phospholipase A2
c.phospholipase A2
what type of epithelium are HCO3- and H2O secreted by?
a.acinar
b.tubular
c.ssk
a.acinar
H+ blood
Na+ + HCO3- lumen
osmotic gradient
HCO3- / Cl- exchange in pancreatic ducts
what is regulation of pancreatic stimulation primarily regulated by
a.food in large intestine
b.food in stomach
c.food in small intestine
c.food in small intestine
what is the effect of somatostatin on surpression of pancreatic secretion
a.stimulation
b.surpression
b.surpression
what effect do secretin, cck and ach have on pancreatic secretion
a.stimulate
b.surpression
a.stimulate
where are bile salts reabsorbed via initial passive diffusion and later active transport from?
a.pancreas
b.liver
c.large intestine
d.small intestine
d.small intestine
rate of enterohepatic recirculation of bile salts is conrolled by what?
a.enzymatic action
b.enterohepatic availability
b.enterohepatic availability
what is bilirubin bound to when it is transported in the blood?
a.ferritin
b. albumin
c,transferrin
b. albumin
what is bilirubin conjugated to in the liver?
a.glucuronic acid
b.bilirubin glucuronide
c.urobilinogen
c.urobilin
a.glucuronic acid
following bilirubin conjugation in the liver to glucuronide what is formed prior to bile?
a.glucuronic acid
b.bilirubin glucuronide
c.urobilinogen
c.urobilin
b.bilirubin glucuronide
circulating urobilinogen us known as?
a.glucuronic acid
b.bilirubin glucuronide
c.urobilinogen
c.urobilin
c.urobilin
intestinal urobilinogen is known as..
a.glucuronic acid
b.bilirubin glucuronide
c.urobilinogen
c.urobilin
d.stercobilin
d.stercobilin
yellowing of the eyes , skin ans mucous membranes due to an increase in plasma billirubin
jaundice
in what type of jaundice does haemolysis lead to excess bilirubin production (often found in sickle cell anaemia and haemolytic disease of newborns)?
a.pre hepatic
b.hepatic
c.post hepatic
a.pre hepatic
what type of jaundice is caused by the inability of the liver to conjugate/excrete billirubin (linked to hepatitis and alcoholic liver disease)?
a.pre hepatic
b.hepatic
c.post hepatic
b.hepatic
what type of jaundice is caused by an obstruction of the bile duct (eg gallstones and pancreatic carcinoma)?
a.pre hepatic
b.hepatic
c.post hepatic
c.post hepatic
kernicterus
Kernicterus is a type of brain damage that can result from high levels of bilirubin in a baby’s blood.
which glands of the intestine are responsible for protection of the duodenal mucosa against digestion
a.brunners
b.cryts of lieberkuhn
a.brunners
which monosaccharide is absorbed via Na+ dependent active transport
a. glucose
b.fructose
c.sucrose
a. glucose
which monosaccharide is absorbed via facilitated diffusion
a. glucose
b.fructose
c.sucrose
b.fructose
how do absorbed monosaccharides enter the mucosal capillaries
a. active transport
b.diffusion
c.facilitated diffusion
c.facilitated diffusion
how are proteins absorbed as short peptides and amino acids?
a.1 active transport
n.2 active transport
c.diffusion
n.2 active transport
which transporter is used for H+ co transport of peptides into the cell
a.sodium potassium pump
b. na+/h+ exchanger
c.carrier molecule
c.carrier molecule
absorption of amino acids into mucosal capillaries occurs via which type of transport
a.facilitated diffusion
b.simple diffusion
c.active transport
d.bus
a.facilitated diffusion
following breakdown by pancreatic lipase and transport to the epithelial border in micelles how to monoglycerides and ffa enter the epotherlial membrane
a.facilitated diffusion
b.simple diffusion
c.active transport
d.bus
c.active transport
d.bus
b.simple diffusion
what happens to monoglycerides and FFAs in the ER
a.reconstituted into triglycerides then chylomicrons
b.reconstituted into chylomicrons then triglycerides
a.reconstituted into triglycerides then chylomicrons
following excocytosis via lacteals from the basolateral membrane how are chylomicrons transported to the blood
a.via gall bladder
b. via lymph nodes
c.via inguinal canal
d.via thoracic duct
d.via thoracic duct
which type of chyme decreases intestinal osmolarity and so increases water absorption
a,concentrated
b.dilute
b.dilute
what is the correct order of steps for sodium absorption
active transport of sodium into paracellular space by na k pump
cl- follows by diffusion
na enters epithelium by facilitated diffusion
water enters cells then paracellular space via osmosis
absorbed into mucosal capillaries
which vitamins are absorbed within the fats they are dissolved?
a. a d e k
b.c b2
a. a d e k
which vitamins diffuse across intestinal mucosa?
a. a d e k
b.c b2
b.c b2
in the abscence of IF blood binds to transcobalamin 2 what type of anaemia does this lead to?
a.haemolytic
b.iron defficiency
c.pernicious
c.pernicious
what hormone leads to renal activation of vit D , increasing ca binding protein in epithelium and ca atpase in the basolateral membrane
a.adrenaline
b.insulin
c.parathyroid
d.adh
c.parathyroid
what type of feedback is intestinal absorption of ca2+
a.negative ffedback of pth
b.posiitve feedback of pth
a.negative ffedback of pth
lack of iron absorped and available for haemoglobin synthesis leads to which type of anaemia
a.penicious
b.haemolytic
c.microcytic
d.macrocytic
c.microcytic
what substance does fe combine with to bind ti a epithelial membrane receptor
a.albumin
b.transferrin
c.ferritin
b.transferrin
what does fe bind to in the blood
a.plasma ferritin
b.plasma transferrin
b.plasma transferrin
what happens to membrane receptors in fe defficiency eg blood loss
a.increase
b.decrease
a.increase
so increased absoprtion
